LEGENDS,
TRADITIONS, AND LAWS OF THE
IROQUOIS, OR SIX
NATIONS
AND
HISTORY OF THE
TUSCARORA INDIANS
BY
ELIAS
JOHNSON,
A NATIVE TUSCARORA
CHIEF.
INTRODUCTION.
"A book about
Indians!"--who cares anything about them?
This will probably
be the exclamation of many who glance on my little
page. To those who
know nothing concerning them, a whole book about
Indians will seem a
very prosy affair, to whom I can answer nothing, for
they will not
proceed as far as my Preface to see what reasons I can
render for the
seeming folly.
But to those who
are willing to listen, I can say that the Indians are a
very interesting
people, whether I have made an interesting book about
them or
not.
The Antiquarian,
the Historian, and the Scholar, have been a long time
studying Indian
character, and have given plenty of information
concerning the
Indian, but it is all in ponderous volumes for State and
College libraries,
and quite inaccessible to the multitude--those who
only take up such
book as may be held in the hand, sitting by the
fire,--still remain
very ignorant of the Children of Nature who inhabited
the forests before
the Saxon set his foot upon our shores.
There is also a
great deal of prejudice, the consequence of this
ignorance, and the
consequence of the representations of your forefathers
who were brought
into contact with the Indians, under circumstances that
made it impossible
to judge impartially and correctly.
The Histories which
are in the schools, and from which the first
impressions are
obtained, are still very deficient in what they relate of
Indian History, and
most of them are still filling the minds of children
and youth, with
imperfect ideas. I have read many of the Histories, and
have longed to see
refuted the slanders, and blot out the dark pictures
which the
historians have wont to spread abroad concerning us. May I
live
to see the day when
it may be done, for most deeply have I learned to
blush for my
people.
I thought, at
first, of only giving a series of Indian Biographies, but
without some
knowledge of the government and religion of the Iroquois,
the character of
the Indians could not be understood or appreciated.
I enter upon the
task with much distrust. It is a difficult task at all
times to speak and
to write in foreign language, and I fear I shall not
succeed to the
satisfaction of myself, or to my readers.
My title will not
be so attractive to the American ears, as if it related
to any other
unknown people. A tour in Arabia, or
some other foreign
country, with far less important and interesting
material, would
secure a greater number of readers, as we are always more
curious about
things afar off.
I might have
covered many pages with "Indian Atrocities," but these
have
been detailed in
other histories, till they are familiar to every ear,
and I had neither
room nor inclination for even a glance at war and its
dark
records.
THE
AUTHOR.
PREFACE.
To animate a kinder
feeling between the white people and the Indians,
established by a
truer knowledge of our civil and domestic life, and of
our capabilities
for future elevation, is the motive for which this work
is
founded.
The present
Tuscarora Indians, the once powerful and gifted nation,
after
their expulsion
from the South, came North, and were initiated in the
confederacy of the
Iroquois, and who formerly held under their
jurisdiction the
largest portion of the Eastern States, now dwell within
your bounds, as
dependent nations, subject to the guardianship and
supervision of a
people who displaced their forefathers. Our numbers, the
circumstances of
our past history and present condition, and more
especially the
relation in which we stand to the people of the State,
suggest many
important questions concerning our future destiny.
Being born to an
inauspicious fate, which makes us the _inheritors of
many wrongs_, we
have been unable, of ourselves, to escape from the
complicated
difficulties which accelerate our decline. To make worse
these adverse
influences, the public estimation of the Indian, resting,
as it does, upon
the imperfect knowledge of their character, and infused,
as it ever has
been, with the prejudice, is universally unjust.
The time has come
in which it is no more than right to cast away all
ancient
antipathies, all inherited opinions, and to take a nearer view
of
our social life,
condition and wants, and to learn anew your duty
concerning the
Indians. Nevertheless, the embarrassments that have
obstructed our
progress, in the obscurity which we have lived, and the
prevailing
indifference to our welfare, we have gradually overcame
many
of the evils
inherent in our social system, and raised ourselves to a
degree of
prosperity. Our present condition, if considered in
connection
with the ordeal
through which we have passed, shows that there is the
presence of an
element in our character which must eventually lead to
important
results.
As I do not profess
that this work is based upon authorities, a question
might arise in the
breast of some reader, where these materials were
derived, or what
reliance is to be placed upon its contents. The
credibility of a
witness is known to depend chiefly upon his means of
knowledge. For this
reason, I deem it important to state, that I was born
and brought up by
Tuscarora Indian parents on their Reservation in the
delighted in
thrilling stories, which led me to frequent the old people
of my childhood's
days, and solicited them to relate the old Legends and
their Traditions,
which they always delighted to do. I have sat by their
fireside and heard
them, and thus they were instilled upon my young mind.
I also owe much of
my information to our Chief, JOHN MT. PLEASANT. I have
also read much of
Indian history, and compared them with our LEGENDS and
TRADITIONS.
THE
AUTHOR.
THE
IROQUOIS.
NATIONAL TRAITS OF
CHARACTER.
In all the early
histories of the American Colonies, in the stories of
Indian life and the
delineations of Indian character, these children of
nature are
represented as savages and barbarians, and in the mind of
a
large portion of
the community the sentiment still prevails that they
were blood-thirsty,
revengeful, and merciless, justly a terror to both
friends and foes.
Children are impressed with the idea that an Indian is
scarcely human, and
as much to be feared as the most ferocious animal of
the
forest.
Novelists have now
and then clothed a few with a garb which excites your
imagination, but
seldom has one been invested with qualities which you
would love, unless
it were also said that through some captive taken in
distant war, he
inherited a whiter skin and a paler blood.
But I am inclined
to think that Indians are not alone in being
savage--not alone
barbarous, heartless, and merciless.
It is said they
were exterminating each other by aggressive and
devastating wars,
before the white people came among them. But wars,
aggressive and
exterminating wars, certainly, are not proofs of
barbarity. The
bravest warrior was the most honored, and this has been
ever true of
Christian nations, and those who call themselves
christians
have not yet ceased
to look upon him who could plan most successfully the
wholesale slaughter
of human beings, as the most deserving his king's or
his country's
laurels. How long since the pean died away in praise of
the
Duke of
For what are
civilized and christian nations drenching their fields
with
blood?
It is said the
Indian was cruel to the captives, and inflicted
unspeakable torture
upon his enemy taken in battle. But from what we know
of them, it is not
to be inferred that Indian Chiefs were ever guilty of
filling dungeons
with innocent victims, or slaughtering hundreds and
thousands of their
own people, whose only sin was a quiet dissent from
some religious
dogma. Towards their enemies they were often relentless,
and they had good
reason to look upon the white man as their enemy. They
slew them in
battle, plotted against them secretly, and in a few
instances
comparatively, subjected individuals to torture, burned them
at
the stake, and,
perhaps, flayed them alive. But who knows anything of the
precepts and
practices of the Roman Catholic Christendom, and quote
these
things as proofs of
unmitigated barbarity.
At the very time
that the Indians were using the tomahawk and scalping-
knife to avenge
their wrongs, peaceful citizens in every country of
crime whatever, and
such refinement of torture invented and practiced, as
never entered in
the heart of the fiercest Indian warrior that roamed the
wilderness to
inflict upon man or beast.
We know very little
of the secrets of the inquisition, and this little
chills our blood
with horror. Yet these things were done in the name of
Christ, the Savior
of the World, the Prince of Peace, and not savage, but
civilized.
Christian men looked on, not coldly, but rejoicingly,
while
women and children
writhed in flames and weltered in blood. Were the
atrocities
committed in the vale of
unprecedented among
the Waldensian fastnesses and the mountains of
Aurvergne? Who has
read Fox's book of Martyrs, and found anything to
parallel it in all
the records of Indian warfare? The slaughter of St.
Bartholomew's days,
the destruction of the Jews in
Covenanters, were
in obedience to the mandates of Christian princes,--
aye, and some of
them devised by Christian women who professed to be
serving God, and to
make the Bible the man of their counsel.
It is said also
that the Indians were treacherous, and more, no
compliance with the
conditions of any treaty, was ever to be trusted. But
the Puritan fathers
cannot be wholly exonerated from the charge of
faithlessness; and
who does not blush to talk of Indian traitors when he
remembers the
Spanish invasion and the fall of the princely and
magnanimous
Montezuma?
Indians believed in
witches, and burned them, too. And did not the
sainted Baxter,
with the Bible in his hand, pronounce it right, and was
not the Indian
permitted to be present, when the quiet unoffending woman
was cast into the
fire, by the decree of a Puritan council?
To come down to the
more decidedly Christian times, it is not so very
long since, in
Protestant England, hanging was the punishment of a petty
thief, long and
hopeless imprisonment of a slight misdemeanor, when men
were set up to be
stoned and spit upon by those who claimed the exclusive
right to be called
humane and merciful.
Again, it is said,
the Indian mode of warfare is, without exception, the
most inhuman and
revolting. But I do not know that those who die by the
barbed and poisoned
arrow linger in any more unendurable torment than
those who are
mangled with powder and lead balls, and the custom of
scalping among
Christian murderers would save thousands from groaning
days, and perhaps
weeks, among heaps that cover victorious fields and
fill hospitals with
the wounded and dying. But scalping is not an
invention
exclusively Indian. "It claims," says
authority, or, at
least, antiquity." And, further history, Herodotus,
gives an account of
it among the Scythians, showing that they performed
the operation, and
wore the scalp of their enemies taken in battle, as
trophies, in the
same manner as the North American Indian. Traces of the
custom are also
found in the laws of the Visigaths, among the Franks, and
even the Anglo
Saxons. The Northern Indians did not scalp, but they had a
system of slavery,
of which there are no traces to be found among the
customs, laws, or
legends of the Iroquois.
Again, it is said,
"They carried away women and children captive, and in
their long journey
through the wilderness, they were subjected to
heartrending
trials."
The wars of
Christian men throw hundreds and thousands of women and
children helpless
upon the cold world, to toil, to beg, and to starve.
This is not so
bright a picture as is usually given of people who have
written laws and
have stores of learning, but people cannot see in any
place that the
coloring is too dark! There is no danger of painting
Indians so they
will become attractive to the civilized people.
There is a bright
and pleasing side to the Indian character, and thinking
that there has been
enough written of their wars and cruelties, of the
hunter's and
fisherman's life, I have sat down at their fireside,
listened to their
legends, and am acquainted with their domestic habits,
understand their
finer feelings and the truly noble traits of their
character.
It is so long now
since they were the lords of this country, and
formidable as your
enemies, and they are so utterly wasted away and
melted like snow
under the meridian sun, and helpless, that you can sit
down and afford to
listen to the truth, and to believe that even your
enemies had their
virtues. Man was created in the image of God, and it
cannot be that
anything human is utterly vile and contemptible.
Those who have
thought of Indians as roaming about in the forests hunting
and fishing, or at
war, will laugh, perhaps, at the idea of Indian homes,
and domestic
happiness. Yet there are no people of which we have any
knowledge, among
whom, in their primitive state, family ties and
relationship were
more distinctly defined, or more religiously respected
than the
Iroquois.
The treatment which
they received from the white people, whom they always
considered as
intruders, aroused, and kept in exercise all their
ferocious passions,
so that none except those who associated with them as
missionaries, or as
captives, saw them in their true character, as they
were to each
other.
Almost any portrait
that we see of an Indian, he is represented with
tomahawk and
scalping knife in hand, as if they possessed no other but
a
barbarous nature.
Christian nations might with equal justice be always
represented with
cannon and balls, swords and pistols, as the emblems of
their employment
and their prevailing tastes.
The details of war
are from far to great a portion of every History of
civilized and
barbarous nations, to conquer and to slay has been to long
the glory of the
christian people; he who has been most successful in
subjugating and
oppressing, in mowing down human beings, has too long
wore the laural
crown, been too long an object for the admiration of men
and the love of
women.
It seems you might
be weary of the pomp and circumstance of war, of
princely banquets,
and gay cavalcades. The time and space you bestow upon
King and courts,
and the homage you pay to empty titles, are unworthy
your professed
republican spirit and preferences, let us turn aside from
the war path, and
sit down by the hearth-stone of peace.
In the picture
which I have given, I have confined myself principally to
the Iroquois, or
Six Nations, a people who no more deserve the term
savage, than the
whites do that of heathen, because they have still
lingering among
them heathen superstitions, and many opinions and
practices which
deserves no better name.
The cannibals of
some of the
Pacific, may with
justice be termed savage, but a people like the
Iroquois who had a
goverment, established offices, a system of religion
eminently pure and
Spiritual, a code of honor and laws of hospitality,
excelling those of
all other nations, should be considered something
better than savage,
or utterly barbarous.
The terrible
torture they inflicted upon their enemies, have made their
name a terror, and
yet there were not so many burnt, hung, and starved by
them, as perished
among Christian nations by these means. The miseries
they inflicted were
light, in comparison, with those they suffered. If
individuals should
have come among you to expose the barbarities of
savage white men,
the deeds they relate would quite equal anything known
of Indian cruelty.
The picture an Indian gives of civilized barbarism
leaves the
revolting custom of the wilderness quite in the
back-ground.
You experienced
their revenge when you had put their souls and bodies at
a stake, with your
fire-water that maddened their brains. There was a
pure and beautiful
spirituality in their faith, and their conduct was
much more
influenced by it, as are any people, Christian or Pagan.
Is there anything
more barbaric in the annals of Indian warfare, than the
narrative of the
Pequod Indians? In one place we read of the surprise of
an Indian fort by
night, when the inmates were slumbering, unconscious of
any danger. When
they awoke they were wrapped in flames, and when they
Attempted to flee,
were shot down like beasts. From village to village,
from wigwam to
wigwam, the murderers proceeded, "being resolved," as your
historian piously
remarks, "by God's assistance, to make a final
destruction of
them," until finally a small but gallant band took refuge
in a swamp. Burning
with indignation, and made sullen by dispair, with
hearts bursting
with grief at the destruction of their nation, and
spirits galled and
sore at the fancied ignominy of their defeat, they
refused to ask life
at the hands of an insulting foe, and preferred death
to submission. As
the night drew on, they were surrounded in their dismal
retreat, volleys of
musketry poured into their midst, until nearly all
were killed or
buried in the mire. In the darkness of a thick fog which
preceded the dawn
of day, a few broke through the ranks of the beseigers
and escaped to the
woods.
Again, the same
historian tells us that the few that remained, "stood
like sullen dogs to
be killed rather than to implore mercy, and the
soldiers on
entering the swamp, found many sitting together in groups,
when they
approached, and resting their guns on the boughs of trees,
within a few yards
of them, literally filled their bodies with bullets."
But they were
Indians, and it was pronounnced a pious work. But when the
Gauls invaded
chairs of State,
sat unmoved in the presence of barbarian conquerors,
disdaining to flee,
and equally disdaining to supplicate for mercy, it
is applauded as
noble, as dying like statesmen and philosophers. But the
Indians with far
more to lose and infinitely greater provocation, sits
upon his mother
earth upon the green mound, beneath the canopy of Heaven,
and refuses to ask
mercy of civilized fiends, he is stigmatized as dogs,
spiritless, and
sullen. What a different name has greatness, clothed in
the garb of
christian princes and sitting beneath spacious domes,
gorgeous
with men's device,
and the greatness, in the simple garb of nature,
destitute and alone
in the wilderness.
There is nothing in
the character of Alexander of Macedon who "conquered
the world, and wept
that he had no more to conquer," to compare with the
noble qualities of
king Philip of
long list of brave
men unrivalled in deeds of heroism, by any of ancient
or modern story.
But in what country, and by whom were they hunted,
tortured, and
slain, and who was it that met together to rejoice and
give
thanks at every
species of cruelty inflicted upon those who were fighting
for their wives,
their children, their homes, their altars and their God.
When it is recorded
that "men, women and children, indiscriminately, were
hewn down and lay
in heaps upon the snow," it is spoken of as doing God's
service, because
they were nominally heathen. "Before the fight was
finished, the
wigwams were set on fire, and into those, hundreds of
innocent women and
children had crowded themselves, and perished in the
general
conflagration." And for those thanksgivings were sent up
to
heaven, the head of
Philip is strung upon a pole, and exposed to the
public. But this
was not done by savage warriors, and the crowd that
huzzaed at the
revolting spectacle, assembled on the Sabbath day, in a
Puritan church, to
listen to the Gospel that proclaims peace and love to
all men. His body
was literally cut in slices to be distributed among the
conquerors, and a
christian city rings with acclamation.
In speaking of this
bloody contest, one who is most eminent among the
fathers, says: "Nor
could they cease praying unto the Lord against
Philip, until they
had prayed the bullet through his heart." "Two and
twenty Indian
captives were slain, and brought down to hell in one day."
"A bullet took him
in the head, and sent his cursed soul in a moment
amongst the devils
and blasphemers in hell forever."
Masasoit, the
father of Philip, was the true friend to the English, and
when he was about
to die, took his two sons, Alexander and Philip, and
fondly commended
them to the kindness of the new settlers, praying them
the same peace and
good will might be between them, that had existed
between him and his
white friends. Upon mere suspicion only a short time
afterwards, the
elder, who succeeded his father as ruler, among his
people, was hunted
in his forest home, and dragged before the court, the
nature and object
of which he could not understand. But the indignity
which was offered
him, and the treachery of those who insulted him, so
chafed his proud
spirit that a fever was the consequence, of which he
died. And that is
not all. The son and wife of Philip were sold into
slavery, (as were
also about eight hundred persons of the Tuscaroras, and
also many others of
the Indians that were taken captive during the
Colonial wars.)
"Yes," says a distinguished orator, (
sold into slavery,
West Indian slavery. An Indian princess and her child,
sold from the cold
breezes of
tropics."
Bitter as death,
aye, bitter as hell! Is there anything--I do not think
in the range of
humanity--is there any animal that would not struggle
against this? Nor
is this indeed all. A kinswoman of theirs, a Princess
in her own right,
Wetamore Pocasset, was pursued and harrassed till she
fell exhausted in
the wilderness, and died of cold and starvation. There
she was found by
men professing to be shocked at Indian barbarity, her
head severed from
her body, and carried bleeding upon a pole to be
exposed in the
public highways of the country, ruled by men who have been
honored as saints
and martyrs.
"Let me die among
my kindred," "Bury me with my fathers," is the prayer
of every Indian's
heart; and the most delicate and reverential kindness
in the treatment of
the bodies of the dead, was considered a religious
duty. There was
nothing in all their customs that indicated a barbarism
so gross and
revolting as these acts, which are recorded by
historians without
a censure, while the Indian's protests in his grief at
seeing his kindred
dishonored and his religion reviled, are stigmatized
as savage and
fiendish.
If all, or even a
few who ministered among them in holy things, had been
like Eliot, who is
called "the Apostle to the Indians," and deserved to
be ranked with the
Apostle of old, or
memory of every
Iroquois who heard his name, it could not have become a
proverb or a truth
that civilization and christianity wasted them away.
They were, not by
one, but many, unscrupulously called "dogs, wolves,
bloodhounds,
demons, devils incarnate, hellhounds, fiends, monsters,
beasts," always
considering them inferior beings, and scarcely allowing
them to be human,
yet one, who was at that time a captive among them,
represents them as
"kind and loving and generous;" and concerning this
same
monster--Philip--records nothing that should have condemned him
in
the eyes of those
who believed in wars aggressive and defensive, and
awarded honors to
heroes and martyrs and conquerors.
By the Governor of
Jamestown a hand was severed from the arm of a
peaceful,
unoffending Indian, that he might be sent back a terror to
his
people; and through
the magnanimity of a daughter and king of that same
people, that colony
was saved from destruction. It was through their love
and trust alone
that Powhatan and Pocahontas lost their forest dominions.
Hospitality was one
of the Indians' distinguishing virtues, and there was
no such thing among
them as individual starvation or want. As long as
there was a cup of
soup, it was divided. If a friend or a stranger made a
call he was welcome
to all their wigwams would furnish, and to offer him
food was not merely
a custom, for it was a breach of politeness for him
to refuse to eat
however full he might be.
Because their
system not being like the white people's, it does not
follow that it was
not a system. You might have looked into the wigwam or
lodge and thought
everything in confusion, while to the occupants, there
was a place for
everything, and everything in its place: each had a couch
which answered for
bed by night and seat by day. The ceremonies at their
festivals were as
regular as in the churches, their rules of war as well
defined as those of
christian nations, and in their games and athletic
sports there was a
code of honor which it was disgraceful to violate:
their marriage vows
were as well understood, and courtesy as formally
practiced at their
dances.
The nature of the
Indian is in all respects like the nature of any other
nation; placed in
the same circumstances, he exhibits the same passions
and vices. But in
his forest home there was not the same temptation to
great crimes, or
what is termed the lesser ones, that of slander,
scandal, and
gossip, as exists among civilized nations.
They knew nothing
of the desire of gain, and therefore were not made
selfish by the love
of hoarding; and there was no temptation to steal,
where they had
everything in common, and their reverence for truth and
fidelity to
promises, may well put all the nations of christendom to
shame.
I have written in
somewhat of the spirit which will characterize a
History, by an
Indian, yet it does not deserve to be called Indian
partiality, but
only justice and the spirit of humanity; or, if I may be
allowed to say it,
the spirit with which any christian should be able to
consider the
character and deeds of his foe. I would not detract from
the
virtues of your
forefathers. They were at that time unrivalled, but
bigotry and
superstition of the dark ages still lingered among them,
and
their own perils
blinded them to the wickedness and cruelty of the means
they took for
defence.
Four, and perhaps
two centuries hence, I doubt not, some of your dogmas
will seem
unchristian, as the Indians seem to you, and I truly hope,
ere
then, all wars will
seem as barbarous, and the fantastic dress of the
soldiers as
ridiculous, as you have been in the habit of representing
the
wars and the wild
drapery of the Indians of the forest.
How long were the
Saxon and Celt in becoming a civilized and Christian
people? How long
since the helmet, the coat of mail, and the battle axe,
were laid
aside?
To make himself
more terrific, the Briton of the days of Henry II drew
the skin of a wild
beast over his armor with the head and ears standing
upright, and
mounted his war-horse to go forth crying, "To arms! Death
to
the invader!" The
paint and the Eagle plume of the Indian warrior were
scarcely a more
barbarous invention, nor his war-cry more terrible.
It is not just to
compare the Indian of the fifteenth, with the christian
of the fifteenth
century. But compare them with the barbarian of
of
nations have been
represented, and they will not suffer by the
comparison.
* * * * *
CAPTIVE'S LIFE
AMONG INDIANS.
ILLUSTRATED BY THE
LIFE OF THE "WHITE WOMAN."
* * * *
*
To be taken captive
by the Indians, was, among the early colonists,
considered the most
terrible of all calamities, and it was indeed a
fearful thing to
become the victim of their revenge. But those who were
enduring the actual
sufferings of captivity, or suffering still more from
terror of uncertain
evils, thought little of the provocation given by the
white people. The
innocent suffered for the guilty, and however
persevering--I
suppose the efforts of the government to be just--in its
infancy, in a wild
unknown country it was impossible to control
unprincipled
marauders. Some atrocious act was first committed by white
men, which drove
the Indian to retaliation, and thinking pale faces were
all alike, he did
not wait till the real offender fell into his hands.
When the white men
first came, the Indian looked upon them as superior
beings. They were
ready to worship Columbus and his little party, and all
others along the
coast, until their simple trust was outraged beyond
endurance, they
welcomed the strangers, gave them food when they were
hungry, and
sheltered them when they were cold. It was not till their
encroachments
became alarming, that the Indians asserted their rights,
and if in all cases
they had been as justly and kindly dealt with as by
the Quakers of
of sins, wrongs and
tortures. If none but men of principle had made
treaties with them,
and all whose duty it was to observe them, had kept
their faith,
revenge had not come out so prominently in Indian
character.
But it was not in
obedience to national policy that those who were taken
in battle, were put
to the torture, burned, and flayed. The Six Nations
had never found it
necessary to build prisons, and dig dungeons for their
own people. If any
man committed murder, they sometimes decided that he
should die, and
sometimes bade him flee far away where none who knew him
could look upon his
face. But crimes were so rare that they had no
criminal code, and
when they overcame their enemies, they either adopted
them and treated
them as brethren, or put them immediately to death.
White people have
often put Indians to death, and oftener put them in
dungeons to waste
and starve, but it was not part of their practice to
adopt them and call
them brethren. Had they sometimes done this, or sent
them freely back to
their friends unharmed, they might have conciliated
where they were
only made more desperate.
When families are
bereaved, they sought to be revenged on those who had
bereaved them, and
when warriors returned from battle, the prisoners were
given up to the
friends of the afflicted. With them alone it remained to
decide the fate of
those who fell into their hands. If they chose, they
adopt them in place
of the husbands, or brothers, who were slain; and if
they so decided
they were put to death, and in any way they decreed. If
the manner in which
their friend had been killed was aggravating and
greatly enraged
them, they were very likely to decide upon torture, and
inflicted it in a
manner to produce the greatest suffering. But in such
cases, they
sometimes showed great magnanimity, and "returned good for
evil."
Children were often
adopted, and by a solemn ceremony received into a
particular tribe,
and evermore treated as one of their own people. You
have been in the
habit of listening to heart-rending stories of cruelties
to captives, but
captives who were adopted were never cruelly treated.
Those who were
immediately put to death experienced great suffering for a
few hours, and
those who were preserved were subjected to hardships which
seemed to them
unspeakable, but they were such as are necessarily
incident to Indian
life. They left no written chronicles to tell to all
future generations
the wrongs and tortures to which they were subjected,
but one who sits
with them by their firesides, may have his blood frozen
with horror at the
recitals of civilized barbarity.
And there was one
species of wrong of which no captive woman of any
nation had to
complain when she was thrown upon the tender mercies of
Indian warriors.
Not among all the dark and terrible records which their
enemies have
delighted to magnify, is there a single instance of the
outrage of that
delicacy which a pure minded woman cherishes at the
expense of life,
and sacrifices not to any species of mere animal
suffering. Of what
other nation can it thus be written, that their
soldiers were not
more terrible at the firesides of their enemies than on
the battle-field,
with all the fierce engines of war at their command. To
whatever motive it
is to be ascribed, let this at least stand out on the
pages of Indian
history as an ever enduring monument to their honor.
A little book which
professes to have been written for the sole purpose
of recording and
perpetuating Indian atrocities, and dwells upon them
with infinite
delight, alludes to this redeeming trait in Indian
character, but
attempts to ascribe it to the influence of superstition,
as it were
necessary to find some evil or deteriorating motive for
everything noble,
or pleasing in Indian character. Their treatment of
captives from among
Indian nations were the same. And I know not that
there has been any
satisfactory solution of a characteristic which has
been found among
only one other civilized christian or barbarous nation.
A wanderer among
the Indian tribes once asked an Indian why they thus
honored their
women, and he said "The Great Spirit taught, and would
punish us if we did
not." Among the Germans I believed there existed the
same respect for
woman, till they became civilized. They may have been
some superstitious
fears mingled with a strong governing and controlling
principle, but it
is not on this account the less marvelous that whole
nations, consisting
of millions, should have been so trained, religiously
or domestically,
that degree of beauty or fascination placed under their
care, though
hundreds of miles in the solitudes of the wilderness,
should
have tempted them
from the strictest honor and the most delicate
kindness. MARY
JANISON was eighty years a resident among the Senecas, and
in the early part
of the time the forests had few clearings, and the
comforts and the
vices of white men prevailed but little among them. She
was born on the
ocean, with the billowy sea for her cradle, and the
tempest for her
lullaby. Her parents emigrated from
country in 1742,
and settled in the unfortunate vale of
date her first
remembrances, which were all the woes that fell upon her
family, the wail of
the sorrow-stricken and breaking of heart-strings.
The last meal they
took together was a breakfast, after which the father
and eldest three
sons went into the field, and Mary with the other
little children was
playing not far from the house. They were suddenly
startled by a
shriek, and knew it must be from their mother. On running
in they saw her in
the hands of two Indians, who were holding her fast. A
little boy ran to
call his father, and found him also bound by another of
the party, and his
eldest brother lying dead upon the earth; the other
two fled to
and those who
remained were made captives and hurried into the woods.
All
day they were
obliged to march in single file over the rough, cold soil.
Night found them in
the heart of the wilderness, surrounded by their
strange captors,
and all the horrors of Indian life or Indian death
staring them in the
face. They had no hope of mercy, whether permitted to
live or condemned
to die. The mother said to Mary, "My daughter, you, I
think will be
permitted to live, but they will deprive you of your
father
and mother, and
perhaps of your brothers and sisters, so that you will be
alone. But endeavor
in all things to please the Indians, and they will be
more kind to you.
Do not forget your own language, and never fail to
repeat your
catechism and the Lord's prayer every morning and evening
while you live."
This she promised to do, and having kissed her child,
the mother was
removed from her sight.
Mary must at this
time have been ten years of age. She was afterwards
told, when she
could understand the Indian language, that they would not
have killed her
parents if the captors had not been pursued, and that a
little boy, who was
the son of a neighbor, and was also taken, was given
to the French, two
of whom were of the party.
In the marches of
the Indians it was the custom for one to linger behind,
and poke up the
grass with a stick after a party had passed along, to
conceal all traces
of their footsteps, so a pursuit was seldom
successful. In
deviating from a direct course in order not to get lost,
they noticed the
moss upon the trees, which always grows thickest upon
the north side, as
the south side being most exposed to the sun, became
soonest dry. They
also had some knowledge of the stars, and knew from the
position of certain
clusters that were to be seen at certain seasons,
which was east and
which west.
Mary was adopted in
place of two brothers who had fallen in battle, and
for whom the
lamentations had not died away. The ceremony of adoption
is
very solemn,
requiring the deliberations of a council and the formal
bestowing of a
name, as a sort of baptism, from which time the captive is
not allowed to
speak any other language but the Indian, and must in all
things conform to
Indian habits and tastes.
It is customary
among them to give children a name which corresponds with
the sports and
dependence of childhood, and when they arrive at maturity
to change it for
one that corresponds with the duties and employments of
manhood and
womanhood. The first name is given by the relatives and
afterwards publicly
announced in council. The second is bestowed in the
same way; and by
this they are ever afterward called, except on becoming
a Sachem, and,
sometimes, on becoming a Chief or warrior another name is
taken, and each
denotes definitely the new position. Each clan, too, had
its peculiar names,
so that when a person's name was mentioned it was
immediately known
to what clan he belonged.
A curious feature
in the Indian code of etiquette is that it is
exceedingly
impolite to ask a person's name, or to speak it in his
presence. In the
social circle and all private conversation the person
spoken of is
described if it is necessary to allude to him, as the
person
who sits there, or
who lives in that house, or wears such a dress. If I
ask a woman, whose
husband is present if that is Mr. B-- she blushes, and
stammers, and
replies, "He is my child's father," in order to avoid
speaking his name
in his presence, which would offend him. On asking a
man his name he
remained silent, not understanding the reason the
question was
repeated, when he indignantly replied, "Do you think that
I
am an owl to go
about hooting my name everywhere?" The name of the owl in
Indian
corresponding exactly to the note he utters.
When Mary Jemmison
had been formally named De-he-wa-mis, they called her
daughter and
sister, and treated her in all respects as if she had been
born among them and
the same blood flowed in her veins, or rather, they
were accustomed to
be more kind to captives than to their own children,
because they had
not been inured to the same hardships. There was no
difference in the
cares bestowed, no allusion was ever made to the child
as if it belonged
to a hated race, and it never felt the want of
affection.
Mary said her tasks
were always light, and everything was done to win her
love and make her
happy. She now and then longed for the comforts of her
cottage home, and
wept at the thought of her mother's cruel death, but
gradually learned
to love the freedom of the forest, and to gambol freely
and gaily with her
Indian play-mates. When she was named they threw her
dress away, and
clothed her in deer skins and moccasins, and painted her
face in true Indian
style. She never spoke English in their presence, as
they did not allow
it, but when alone, did not forget her mother's
injunction, and
repeated her prayers and all the words she could
remember, thus
retaining enough of the language to enable her easily to
recall it when she
should again return to civilized society, as she
constantly indulged
the hope of doing, by an exchange of captives.
But when she was
fourteen years of age, her mother selected for her a
husband, to whom
she was married according to Indian custom. His name was
Sheningee, and
though she was not acquainted with him previously, and of
course had no
affection for him, but proved not only an amiable and
excellent man but a
congenial companion, whom she loved devotedly. He had
all the noble
qualities of an Indian, being handsome and brave, and
generous, and kind,
and to her very gentle and affectionate.
Now she became
thoroughly reconciled to Indian life, her greatest sorrow
being the necessary
absence of her husband on the war-path and hunting
excursions. She
followed the occupation of a woman, tilled the fields,
dressed the meats
and skins, and gathered the fuel for the winter's fire,
and although this
seems to the whites as unfeminine labor, it was
performed at their
leisure, and occupied very little of their time.
When the hunters
returned they were weary and passive, and seldom were
guilty of
fault-finding, and so well did an Indian woman know her
duty,
that her husband
was not obliged to make his wants known. Obedience was
required in all
respects, and where there was harmony and affection,
cheerfully yielded,
and knowing as they did that separation would be the
consequence of
neglect of duty and unkindness, there was really more
self-control, and
about little things, than those who are bound for
life. They did not
agree to live together through good and through evil
reports, but only
while they loved and confided in each other, and they
were therefore
careful not to throw lightly away this love and affection.
The labor of the
field was performed in so systematic a manner, and by so
thorough and wisely
divisioned labor, that there were none of the
jealousies and
enjoyings which exist among those who wish to hoard, and
ambitious to excel
in style and equipage. And before the fire-water came
among them,
dissentions of any kind were almost unknown. This has been
the fruitful source
of all their woes. It was not till Mary became a
mother that she
gave up all longing for civilized society, and
relinquished all
hope of again returning to the abodes of the white man.
Now she had a tie
to bind her which could not be broken. If she should
find her white
friends they would not recognize her Indian husband, or
consider her
lawfully married: they would not care to be connected by
ties of blood to a
people whom they despised: her child would not be
happy among those
who looked upon her as inferior, and she herself had no
education to fit
her for the companionship of the white people. She
looked upon her
little daughter and thought, it is Sheningee's--it is
dearer to me than
all things else--I could not endure to see her treated
with aversion or
neglect.
But only a little
while was she permitted this happiness, her daughter
died while yet an
infant, and when Sheningee was away. Again the feeling
of desolation came
over her young spirit, but all around her ministered
in every way to her
comfort, and became more than ever endeared to her
heart. After a long
absence. Sheningee returned. She afterwards had a
son, and named him
after her father, to which no objection was made by
her Indian friends,
and her love for her husband became idolatry. In her
eyes he seemed
everything noble and good: she mourned his departure and
longed for his
return, for his affection prompted him to treat her with
gentle and winning
kindness which is the spirit of true love alone.
But again the
separation, and she must pass another winter alone. For
hunting was the
Indian's toil, and though they delighted in it, the pangs
of parting from his
wife and little one, made it a sacrifice, and spread
a dark cloud over a
long period of his life. And now it became dark
indeed to Mary, for
she waited long and Sheningee came not. She put
everything in order
in his little dwelling. She dressed new skins for his
couch, and smoked
venison to please his taste. She made the fire bright
to welcome him,
hoping every evening when she lay down with her baby upon
her bosom, that ere
the morning sun the husband and father would gladden
them by his smiles,
but in vain; winter had passed away, and the spring,
and then came the
sad tidings that he was dead, she became a widow and
her child
fatherless.
Very long did she
mourn Sheningee, for it seemed to her there was none
like him. But again
the sympathies of his people created a new link to
bind her to them,
and she said she could not have loved a mother or
sisters more dearly
than she did those who stood in this relationship to
her, and soothed
her with their loving words.
Not for four years
was she again urged to marry, and during this time
there was an
exchange of prisoners and she had an opportunity to return
to her kindred; she
was left to do as she chose. They told her she might
go, but if she
preferred to remain she should still be their daughter and
sister, and they
would give her land for her own where she might always
dwell. Again she
thought of the prejudice she would everywhere meet, and
that she could
never patiently listen to reproaches concerning her
husband's people.
It would not be believed that he was noble, because he
was an Indian; and
she would have no near relatives and those she had
might reject her if
she should seek them, so she came to the final
conclusion and
never more sighed for the advantages or pleasures of
civilized life. She
came with the brothers of Sheningee to the banks of
the
life.
Her second
husband--Hiokatoo--she never learned to love. He was a
Chief
and a warrior brave
and fearless; but though he was always kind to her,
he was a man of
blood. He delighted in deeds of cruelty and delighted to
relate them. And
now the fire water had become common, and the good were
bad and the bad
worse, so that dissensions arose in families and in
neighborhoods, and
the happiness which had been almost without alloy was
no longer known
among these simple people.
She adds her
testimony to that of all travelers and historians
concerning
the purity of their
lives, having never herself received the slightest
insult from an
Indian and scarcely knowing an instance of infidelity or
immorality. But
when once they had tasted of the maddening draught the
thirst was
insatiable, and all they had would be given for a glass of
something to
destroy their reason. Now they were indeed converted into
fiends and furies
and sold themselves to swift destruction.
Hiokatoo hesitated
at no crime and took pleasure in everything dark and
terrible, but this
was a small trial compared to those which Mrs.
Jemmison was called
upon to endure from the intoxication and recklessness
of her son. Her
eldest, the son of Sheningee, was murdered by John, the
son of Hiokatoo,
who afterward murdered his own brother Jesse, and came
to the same violent
death himself at the hands of others. When they came
to be in the midst
of temptation there was no restraining principle, and,
even after they
grew up her house was the scene of quarrels and confusion
in consequence of
their intemperance, and she knew no rest from fear of
some calamity from
the indulgence of their unbridled passions. The Chief
of the Seneca
nation, to which her second husband belonged, gave her a
large tract of
land, and when it became necessary that it should be
secured to her by
treaty, she plead her own case. The commissioners
without inquiring
particularly concerning the dimensions of her lots,
allowed her to make
her own boundaries, and when the document was signed
and she was in firm
possession it was found that she was the owner of
nearly four
thousand acres, of which only a deed in her own
hand-writing
could deprive her.
But though she was rich she toiled not the less
dilligently and
forsook not the sphere of woman in attending to the ways
of her household,
and also, true to her Indian education, she planted and
hoed and harvested,
retaining her Indian dress and habits till the day of
her death. During
the revolutionary war her house was made the rendevous
and headquarters of
British officers and Indian Chiefs, as her sympathies
were entirely with
her red brethren, and the cause they espoused was the
one she preferred
to aid. It was in her power to sympathize with many a
lone captive, she
always remembered her own anguish at the prospect of
spending her life
in the wilderness. The companion of Indians, and though
she had learned to
love instead of fearing them, and knew they were, as a
people, deserving
of respect and the highest honor, she understood the
feelings of those
who knew them not.
Her supplication
procured the release of many from torture, and her
generous kindness
clothed the naked and fed the starving.
length the
beautiful valley of the
white people,
except the dominion of "the white woman," as she was
always
called, which
couldn't be given up without her consent. She refused, at
the time of the
sale, to part with her portion, but after the Indians
removed to
the manor and
surrounded by white people, she preferred to take her
abode
with those whom she
now called her own people. Most emphatically did she
adopt the language
of Ruth in the days of old, "Entreat me not to leave
thee, or return
from following after thee, for whither thou goest I will
go, and where thou
lodgest I will lodge, thy people will be my people,
and thy God my God,
where thou diest will I die, and there will I be
buried."
She as as
thoroughly pagan as the veriest Indian who had never heard
of
God, and she
exclaimed with him that their religion was good enough and
she desired no
change.
She was ninety
years of age--eighty years she had been an exile from the
land of her birth.
She had forgotten the prayer her mother taught her,
and knew nothing of
the worship of her father, when one morning she sent
a messenger to tell
the missionaries she wished to see them. She had ever
before refused to
listen to them if they came to her dwelling, but they
hastened to obey
the summons, glad to feel that they should be welcomed,
though quite
uncertain concerning the nature of the interview she
proposed. She was
literally withered away, her face was scarcely larger
than an infant's
and completely checkered with fine wrinkles, her teeth
were entirely gone
and her mouth so sunken that her nose and chin almost
met, her hair not
silvery, but snowy white, except a little lock by each
ear which still
retained the sandy hue of childhood, her form which was
always slender, was
bent, and her limbs could not longer support her. She
had revived the
knowledge of her language since she had dwelled among the
white people but,
"Oh," said she, as the ladies entered, "I have
forgotten how to
pray; my mother taught me and told me never to forget
this, though I
remembered nothing else," and then she exclaimed, "Oh,
God! have mercy
upon me." This expression she had heard in her old age,
and now uttered it
in the fullness of her heart. There had come a gleam
of light through
all the darkness and superstitions of Paganism, and this
spark was kindled
at the fireside of that little cottage home, and fell
upon her heart from
a mother's lips, and now revived at the remembrance
of a mother's love
and her dying blessing. It was eighty years since she
had seen that
mother's face, as she breathed out her soul in anguish,
bending over her in
the silent depths of the wilderness, eighty years
since she listened
to "Our Father who art in Heaven," from Christian
lips, and now the
still small voice which had so long been silent, spoke
aloud, and startled
her as if an angel called. She tried to stifle it,
and for many days
after it awoke in her bosom, she heeded it not, but it
gave her no rest.
No earthly voice had since reminded her that her heart
was sinful, and
needed to be "washed in the blood of the lamb, that
taketh away the
sins of the world," in order to be clean. The seed which
had been sown in it
when she was a little child, had just sprung up; the
snows of eighty
winters had not chilled it, the mildew of nearly a
century had not
blighted it, and the heavy hand of hundreds of calamities
had left it
unharmed. She had not been in the midst of corruptions,
therefore it had
not been destroyed. The little germ was still alive, and
proving that it had
not been in vain.
The aged woman sat
pillowed up in bed with her children, and children's
children of three
generations around her, and lifting her withered hands
and sunken eyes to
Heaven, once more repeated, "Our Father, who art in
Heaven," while a
new light, like a halo, overspread her face, the tears
flowed in floods
down her cheeks, and in the dark eyes of every listener
there glistened
tears of sympathy in her new found happiness.
When she was asked
if she regretted that she had not consented to be
exchanged, she
still said, "No. I love the Indians; I love them better
than the white
people. Because they had been kind to me, and provided
generously for my
youth and old age, and my children would inherit an
abundance from the
avails of the lands, and herds, and flocks."
A few days after
the new light dawned upon her spirit, in the year 1833,
Mary was numbered
with the dead. She had embraced the faith which makes
no difference
between those who come at the first or the eleventh hour,
and those who were
present at the dissolution of her soul and body,
doubted not that
Jesus had whispered to her the same consolation that
fell upon the heart
of the thief upon the Cross, "This day shall thou be
with me in
* * * *
*
CUSTOMS AND
INDIVIDUAL TRAITS OF CHARACTER.
The more you read,
and the better you understand Indian history, the more
you will be
impressed with the injustice which has been done the
Iroquois, not only
in dispossessing them of their inheritance, but in the
estimation which
has been made of their character. They have been
represented, as
seen in the transition state, the most unfavorable
possible for
judging correctly. In the chapter of National Traits of
Character, I have
in two or three instances quoted Washington Irving and
might again allow
his opinions to relieve my own from the charge of
partiality. He
says, in speaking of this same subject, that "the current
opinion of Indian
character is too apt to be formed from the miserable
hordes which infest
the frontiers, and hang on the shirts of settlements.
These are too
commonly composed of degenerate beings, corrupted and
enfeebled by the
voice of society, without being benefited by its
civilization."
"The proud
independence which formed the main pillar of motive virtue
has
been spoken down,
and the whole moral fabric lies in ruins. The spirits
are humiliated and
debased by a sense of inferiority, and their native
courage cowed and
daunted by the superior knowledge and power of their
enlightened
neighbors. Society has advanced upon them like one of a
those
withering airs that
will sometimes breed desolation over a whole region
of fertility. It
has enervated their strength, multiplied their diseases,
and superinduced
upon their original barbarity the law-vices of
artificial life. It
has given them a thousand superfluous wants, while it
has diminished
their means of mere existence. It has driven before it the
animals of the
chase, who fly from the sound of the axe and the smoke of
the settlement and
seek refuge in the depths of remote forests, and yet
untrodden wilds.
Thus do we often find the Indians in the frontiers to be
mere wrecks and
remnants of once powerful tribes, who have lingered in
the vicinity of
settlements, and sunk into precarious and vagabond
existence. Poverty,
repining and hopeless poverty--a canker on the mind
before unknown to
them--corrodes their spirits and blights every free and
noble qualities of
their nature. They loiter like vagrants about the
settlements among
spacious dwellings, replete with elaborate comforts,
which only renders
them more sensible of the comparative wretchedness of
their own
condition. Luxury spreads its ample board before their
eyes,
but they are
excluded from the banquet; plenty revels over the fields,
but they are
starving in the midst of abundance. The whole wilderness
blossomed into a
garden, but they feel as reptiles that infest them. How
different was their
state while undisputed lords of the soil? Their wants
were few, and the
means of gratification within their reach, they saw
every one among
them sharing the same lot, enduring the same hardships,
feeding on the same
aliments, arrayed in the same rude garment. No roof
then rose under
whose sheltering wings, that was not ever open to the
homeless stranger,
no smoke curled among the trees, but he was welcome to
sit down by its
fire and join the hunter in his repast."
In discussing
Indian character, writers have been too prone to indulge
in
vulgar prejudice
and passionate exaggeration, instead of the candid
temper of the true
philosopher. They have not sufficiently considered the
peculiar
circumstance in which the Indians have been placed, and
the
peculiar principles
under which they having been educated. No being acts
more rigidly from
rule than the Indians, his whole conduct is regulated
according to some
general maxims early implanted in his mind. The moral
laws which govern
him are few, but he conforms to them all. The white man
abounds in laws and
religion, morals, and manners, but how many of them
does he violate. In
their intercourse with the Indians the white people
were continually
trampling upon their religion and their sacred rights.
They were expected
to look merely on while the graves of their fathers
were robbed of
their treasures, and the bones of their fathers were left
to bleach upon the
fields. And when exasperated by the brutality of their
conquerors, and
driven to deeds of vengence, there was very little
appreciation of the
motives which influenced them, and no attempt was
made to palliate
their cruelties.
It was their custom
to bury the dead with their best clothing, and the
various implements
they had been in the habit of using whilst living. If
it was a warrior
that they were preparing for burial, they placed his
tomahawk by his
side and his knife in his shield; with the hunter, his
bow and arrows and
implements for cooking his food; with the woman, their
kettles and cooking
apparatus and also food for all. Tobacco was
deposited in every
grave; for to smoke was an Indian's idea of felicity
in the body and out
of it, and in this there was not so much difference
as one might wish,
between them and gentlemen of a paler hue.
Among the Iroquois,
and many other Indian nations, it was the custom to
place the dead upon
scaffolds, built for the purpose, from tree to tree,
or within a
temporary inclosure, and underneath a fire was kept
burning
for several
days.
They had known
instances of persons reviving after they were supposed to
be dead, and this
led to the conclusion that the spirit sometimes
returned to animate
the body after it had once fled. If there was no
signs of life for
ten days, the fire was extinguished and the body left
unmolested until
decomposition had begun to take place, when the remains
were buried, or, as
was often the case, kept in the lodge for many years.
If they were
obliged to desert the settlement where they had long
resided, these
skeletons were collected from all the families and buried
in one common
grave, with the same ceremonies as when a single
individual
was
interred.
They did not
suppose the spirit was instantaneously transferred from
earth to Heaven,
but that it wandered in aerial region for many moons. In
later days they
only allowed ten days for its flight. Their period for
mourning continued
only whilst the spirit is wandering, as soon as they
believe it has
entered Heaven they commenced rejoicing, saying, there is
no longer cause for
sorrow, because it is now where happiness dwells
forever. Sometimes
a piteous wailing was kept up every night for a long
time, but it was
only their bereavement that they bewailed, as they did
not fear about the
fate of those who died. Not until they had heard of
Purgatory from the
Jesuits, or endless woe from Protestants, did they
look upon death
with terror, or life as anything but a blessing.
They were sometimes
in the habit of addressing the dead, as if they could
hear. The following
are the words of a mother as she bends over her only
son to look for the
last time upon his beloved face: "My son, listen once
more to the words
of thy mother. Thou wast brought into life with her
pains, thou wast
nourished with her life. She has attempted to be
faithful in raising
you up. When you were young she loved you as her
life. Thy presence
has been a source of great joy to her. Upon thee she
depended for
support and comfort in her declining days. But thou hast
outstripped her and
gone before. Our wise and great Creator has ordered
it thus. By his
will, I am left yet, to taste more of the miseries of
this world. Thy
relations and friends have gathered about thy body to
look upon thee for
the last time. They mourn, as with one mind, thy
departure from
among us. We, too, have but a few days more and our
journey will be
ended. We part now, and you are conveyed out of our
sight. But we shall
soon meet again, and shall look upon each other, then
we shall part no
more. Our Maker has called thee home, and thither will
we
follow."
After the adoption
of the league of the Iroquois, and they dwelled in
villages, this was
one of the duties enjoined by their religious teacher
at their festivals:
"It is the will of the Great Spirit that you
reverence the aged,
even though they be helpless as infants." And also,
"Kindness to the
orphan, and hospitality to all." "If you tie up the
clothes of an
orphan child, the Great Spirit will notice it, and reward
you for it." "To
adopt an orphan, and bring them up in virtuous ways, is
pleasing to the
Great Spirit." "If strangers wander about your abode,
welcome him to your
home, be hospitable towards him, speak to him with
kind words, and
forget not, always to make mention of the Great Spirit."
The Indians
lamentations, on being driven far away from the graves of
their fathers, have
been the theme of all historians and travelers. It
can be easily
imagined how those who so loved their homes and revered
their fathers'
graves, would become fierce with indignation and rage, on
seeing themselves
treated as without human feeling, and the sacred relics
of the dead
ploughed up and scattered as indifferently as the stones,
or
the bones of the
moose and the deer of the forest. It was this feeling
that often prompted
them to acts of hostility, which those who
experienced them,
ascribed to wanton cruelty and barbarity.
In many of the
villages there was a strangers home, a house, for
strangers where
they were placed, while the old men went about collecting
skins for them to
sleep upon, and food for them to eat, expecting no
reward.
They called it very
rude for them to stare at them as they passed in the
streets, and said
that they had as much curiosity as the white people,
but they did not
gratify it by intruding upon them, by examining them.
They would
sometimes hide behind trees in order to look at strangers,
but
never stood openly
and gaze at them.
Their respective
attention to missionaries was often the result of their
rules of
politeness, as it is a part of the Indian's code. Their
councils
are eminent for
decorum, and no person is interrupted during a speech.
Some Indians, after
respectfully listening to a missionary, thought they
would relate to him
some of their legends, but the good man could not
restrain his
indignation, but pronounced them foolish fables, while
what
he told them was
sacred truth. The Indian was, in his turn, offended, and
said, we listened
to your stories, why do you not listen to ours? you are
not instructed in
the common rules of civility.
A hunter, in his
wandering for game, fell among the back settlements of
at the house of a
planter, whom he met at the door. He was refused
admission. Being
both hungry and thirsty, he asked for a bit of bread and
a cup of cold
water. But the answer to every appeal was, "_You, shall
have nothing here,
get you gone you Indian dog!_"
Some months
afterwards this same planter lost himself in the woods,
and
after a weary day
of wandering, came to an Indian cabin, into which he
was welcomed. On
inquiring the way and distance to the settlement, and
finding it was too
far to think of going that night, he asked if he could
remain. Very
cordially the inmates replied, that he was at liberty to
stay, and all they
had was at his service. They gave him food, they made
a bright fire to
cheer and warm him, and supplied him with clean deer-
skin for his couch,
and promised to conduct him the next day on his
journey. In the
morning the Indian hunter and the planter set out
together through
the forest, when they came in sight of the white man's
dwelling, the
hunter, about to leave, turned to his companion, and said,
"Do you not know
me?" The white man was struck with horror, that he had
been so long in the
power of one whom he had so inhumanly treated, and
expected now to
experience his revenge. But on beginning to make excuses,
the Indian
interrupted him saying, "when you see a poor Indian
fainting
for a cup of cold
water, don't say again, 'get you gone, you Indian
dog.'" and turned
back to his hunting grounds. Which best deserved the
appellation of a
christian, and to which will it most likely be said,
"Inasmuch as ye
have done it unto the least of these, ye have done it
unto
me."
CREATION.
ORIGIN OF THE
CONTINENT, THE ANIMAL, AND OF THE INDIAN.
INTRODUCTION OF THE
TWO PRINCIPLES OF GOOD AND EVIL INTO THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE
WORLD.
The Tuscarora
tradition opens with the notion that there were originally
two worlds, or
regions of space, that is an upper and lower world. The
upper world was
inhabited by beings resembling the human race. And the
lower world by
monsters, moving on the surface and in the waters, which
is in darkness.
When the human species were transferred below, and the
lower sphere was
about to be rendered fit for their residence; the act of
their transferrance
is by these ideas, that a female who began to descend
into the lower
world, which is a region of darkness, waters, and
monsters, she was
received on the back of a tortoise, where she gave
birth to male
twins, and there she expired. The shell of this tortoise
expanded into a
continent, which, in the English language, is called
"island," and is
named by the Tuscaroras, Yowahnook. One of the children
was called
Got-ti-gah-rah-quast, or good mind, the other, Got-ti-gah-
rak-senh, or bad
mind. These two antagonistical principles were at
perpetual variance,
it being the law of one to counteract whatever the
other did. They
were not, however, men, but gods, or existences, through
whom the Great
Spirit, or "Holder of the Heavens," carried out his
purposes.
The first work of
Got-ti-gah-rah-quast was to create the sun out of the
head of his dead
mother, and the moon and stars out of the other parts of
her body. The light
these gave drove the monsters into the deep waters to
hide themselves. He
then prepared the surface of the continent and fitted
it for human
habitation, by making it into creeks, rivers, lakes and
plains, and by
filling them with the various kinds of animals and
vegetable kingdom.
He then formed a man and a woman out of the earth,
gave them life, and
called them Ongwahonwd, that is to say, a real
people. Meanwhile
the bad mind created mountains, water-falls, and
steeps, caves,
reptiles, serpents, apes, and other objects supposed to be
injurious to, or in
mockery to mankind. He made an attempt also to
conceal the land
animals in the ground, so as to deprive men of the means
of subsistance.
This continued opposition, to the wishes of the Good
Mind, who was
perpetually at work, in restoring the effects and
displacements, of
the wicked devices of the other, at length led to a
personal combat, of
which the time and instrument of battle were agreed
on. They fought two
days; the Good Mind using the deer's horn, and the
other, using wild
flag leafs, as arms. Got-ti-gah-rah-quast, or Good
Mind, who had
chosen the horn, finally prevailed. His antagonist sunk
down into a region
of darkness, and became the Evil Spirit of the world
of despair.
Got-ti-gah-rah-quast, having obtained his triumph, retired
from the
earth.
The earliest
tradition that we have of the Iroquois is as follows: That
a
company of
Ongwahonwa being encamped on the banks of the St. Lawrence
River, where they
were invaded by a nation--few in number, but were great
giants, called
"Ronongwaca." War after war was brought on by personal
encounters and
incidents, and carried on with perfidity and cruelty. They
were delivered at
length by the skill and courage of Yatontea, who, after
retreating before
them, raised a large body of men and defeated them,
after which they
were supposed to be extinct. And the next they suffered
was from the
malice, perfidity and lust of an extraordinary appearing
person, who they
called That-tea-ro-skeh, who was finally driven across
the St. Lawrence,
and come to a town south of the shores of Lake Ontario,
where, however, he
only disguised his intentions, to repeat his cruel and
perfidious deeds.
He assassinated many persons, and violated six virgins.
They pointed to him
as a fiend in human shape.
In this age of
monsters, the country was again invaded by another
monster, which they
called Oyahguaharh, supposed to be some great
mammoth, who was
furious against men, and destroyed the lives of many
Indian hunters, but
he was at length killed, after a long and severe
contest.
A great horned
serpent also next appeared on Lake Ontario who, by means
of his poisonous
breath, caused disease, and caused the death of many. At
length the old
women congregated, with one accord, and prayed to the
Great Spirit that
he would send their grand-father, the Thunder, who
would get to their
relief in this, their sore time of trouble, and at the
same time burning
tobacco as burned offerings. So finally the monster was
compelled to retire
in the deeps of the lake by thunder bolts. Before
this calamity was
forgotten another happened. A blazing star fell into
their fort,
situated on the banks of the St. Lawrence, and destroyed
the
people. Such a
phenomenon caused a great panic and consternation and
dread, which they
regarded as ominious of their entire destruction. Not
long after this
prediction of the blazing star it was verified. These
tribes, who were
held together by feeble ties, fell into dispute and wars
among themselves,
which were pursued through a long period, until they
had utterly
destroyed each other, and so reduced their numbers that
the
lands were again
over-run with wild beasts.
At this period
there were six families took refuge in a large cave in a
mountain, where
they dwelled for a long time. The men would come out
occasionally to
hunt for food. This mammoth cave was situated at or near
the falls of the
Oswego River. Taryenya-wa-gon (Holder of the Heavens)
extricated these
six families from this subterraneous bowels and confines
of the mountain.
They always looked to this divine messenger, who had
power to assume
various shapes, as emergency dictated, as the friend and
patron of their
nation.
As soon as they
were released he gave them instructions respecting the
mode of hunting,
matrimony, worship and many other things. He warned them
against the evil
spirit, and gave them corn, beans, squash, potatoes,
tobacco, and dogs
to hunt their game. He bid them go toward the rising of
the sun, and he
personally guided them, until they came to a river, which
they named
Yehnonanatche (that is going around a mountain,) now
Mohawk,
they went down the
bank of the river and came to where it discharges into
a great river,
running towards the midway sun, they named it Skaw-nay-
taw-ty (that is
beyond the pineries) now Hudson, and went down the banks
of the river and
touched the bank of the great water. The company made an
encampment at this
place and remained for a while. The people was then of
one language. Some
of them went on the banks of the great waters, towards
the midway sun, and
never returned. But the company that remained at the
camp returned as
they came--along the bank of the river, under the
direction of
Taryenyawagon (Holder of the Heavens).
This company were a
particular body, which called themselves of one
household. Of these
there were six families, and they entered into an
agreement to
preserve the chain of alliance which should not be
extinguished under
any circumstance.
The company
advanced some distance up the river of Skawnatawty
(Hudson).
The Holder of the
Heavens directed the first family to make their
residence near the
bank of the river, and the family was named Tehawrogeh
(that is, a speech
divided) now Mohawk. Their language soon changed. The
company then turned
and went towards the sun-setting, and traveled about
two days and a
half, then came to a creek, which was named Kawnatawteruh
(that is pineries).
The second family was directed to make their
residence near the
creek; and the family was named Nehawretahgo (that is
big tree) now
Oneida. Their language was changed likewise. The company
continued to
proceed toward the sun-setting under the direction of the
Holder of the
Heavens. The third family was directed to make their
residence on a
mountain, named Onondaga (now Onondaga), and the family
was named
Seuhnowhahtah (that is, carrying the name.) Their language
also
changed. The rest
of the company continued their journey towards the sun-
setting. The fourth
family was directed to make their residence near a
large lake, named
Goyogoh (that is a mountain rising from water) now
Cayuga, and the
family was named Sho-nea-na-we-to-wah (that is a great
pipe). Their
language was altered. The rest of the company kept their
course towards the
sun-setting. The fifth family was directed to make
their residence
near a high mountain, situated south of Canandaigua Lake,
which was named
Tehow-nea-nyo-hent (that is possessing a door) now
Seneca. Their
language was also changed. The sixth, and last family,
went
on their journey
toward the sun-setting, until they touched the bank of
the great lake,
which was named Kan-ha-gwa-rah-ka (that is a Cape) now
Erie, and then went
toward, between the midway and sun-setting, and
traveled a great
distance, when they came to a large river, which was
named
O-nah-we-yo-ka (that is a principal stream) now Mississippi.
The
people discovered a
grapevine lying across the river, by which a part of
the people went
over, but while they were crossing the vine broke. They
were divided, and
became enemies, to those that were over the river in
consequence of
which, they were obliged to abandon the journey. Those
that went over the
river were finally lost and forgotten from the memory
of those that
remained on the eastern banks.
Ta-ren-ya-wa-go
(the Holder of the Heavens), who was the patron of the
five home bands,
did not fail, in this crisis, to direct them their way
also. He instructed
those on the eastern bank the art of the bow and
arrows, to use for
game and in time of danger. After giving them suitable
instructions, he
guided their footsteps in their journeys, south and
east, until they
had crossed the Alleghany Mountains, and with some
wanderings they
finally reached the shores of the sea, on the coast which
is now called the
Carolinas. By this time their language was changed.
They were directed
to fix their residence on the banks of the Gow-ta-no
(that is, pine in
the water) now Neuse River, in North Carolina. Here Ta-
ren-ya-wa-gon left
them to hunt, increase and prosper, whilst he returned
to direct the other
five nations to form their confederacy.
Tarenyawagon united
in one person the power of a God and a man, and gave
him the expressive
name of the Holder of the Heavens, and was capable of
assuming any form
or shape that he chosed, but appeared to them only in
the form of a man,
and taught them hunting, gardening, and the knowledge
of the arts of war.
He imparted to them the knowledge of the laws and
government of the
Great Spirit, and gave them directions and
encouragement how
to fulfill their duties and obligations. He gave them
corn, beans, and
fruits of various kinds, with the knowledge of planting
those fruits. He
taught them how to kill and to cook the game. He made
the forest free to
all the tribes to hunt, and removed obstructions from
the streams. He
took his position, sometimes, on the top of high cliffs,
springing, if needs
be, over frightful chasms; and he flew, as it were,
over great lakes in
a wonderful canoe of immaculate whiteness and of
magic
power.
Having finished his
commission with the Tuscaroras at Cautanoh, in North
Carolina, and the
other five families, which were left at the north, he
came down to closer
terms and intimacy with the Onondagas. He resolved to
lay aside his
divine character and live among them, that he might
exemplify the
maxims which he had taught. And for this purpose he
selected a handsome
spot of ground on the southern banks of Cross Lake,
New York. Here he
built his cabin, and from the shores of this lake he
went into the
forest, like the rest of his companions, in quest of game
and fish. He took a
wife of the Onondagas, by whom he had an only
daughter, whom he
tenderly loved, and most kindly and carefully treated
and instructed, so
that she was known far and near as his favorite child,
and was regarded
almost as a goddess. The excellence of his character,
and his great
sagacity and good counsels, led the people to regard him
with veneration,
and they gave him, in his sublunary character, the name
of Hi-a-wat-ha (a
wise man). People came to him from all quarters, and
his abode was
thronged by all ages and conditions who came for advice.
He became the first
chief of all the land, and whomsoever he made his
companions and
friends were likewise clothed with the authority of chiefs
in the tribe. In
this manner all power came naturally into his hands, and
the tribe rejoiced
that they had so wise and good a man as their ruler.
For in those days
each tribe was independent of all others; they had not
yet formed a
league, but fought and made war with each other.
Nothing that
belonged to Hiawatha, in his character of Tarenyawagon,
was
more remarkable
than his light and magic canoe, which shone with a
supernatural
lustre, and in which he had performed so many of his
extraordinary
feats. This canoe was laid aside when he came to fix his
residenee at Cross
Lake, and never used it but for great and
extraordinary
purposes. When great councils were called, and he
assembled
the wise men to
deliberate together, the sacred canoe was carefully
lifted from the
grand lodge; and after these occasions were ended, it was
carefully returned
to the same receptacle, on the shoulders of men, who
felt honored in
being the bearers of such a precious burden.
Thus passed away
many years, and every year saw the people increasing in
numbers, skill,
arts and bravery. It was among the Onondagas that
Tarenyawagon had
located himself, although he regarded the other tribes
as friends and
brothers; he had become indentified as an adopted member
of this particular
tribe. Under his teaching and influence they became
the first among all
the original tribes, and rose to the highest
distinction in
every art which was known to or prized by the Akonoshuni
(Iroquois). They
were the wisest counsellors, the best orators, the most
expert hunters, and
the bravest warriors. They also afforded the highest
examples of
obedience to the laws of the Great Spirit. If offences
took
place, Hiawatha
redressed them, and his wisdom and moderation preserved
the tribe from
feuds. Hence, the Onondagas were early noted among all the
tribes for their
pre-eminence. He appeared to devote his chief attention
to them, that he
might afterwards make them examples to the others, in
arts and wisdom.
They were foremost in the overthrow of the Stonish
Giants and the
killing of the great Serpent. To be an Onondaga was the
highest
honor.
While Hiawatha was
thus living in domestic life quietly among the people
of the hills, and
administering their simple government with wisdom, they
became alarmed by
the sudden news of the approach of a furious and
powerful enemy from
north of the great lakes. As the enemy advanced, they
made an
indiscriminate slaughter of men, women and children. The
people
fled from their
villages a short time before them, and there was no heart
in the people to
make a stand against such powerful and ruthless
invaders. In this
emergency, they fled to Hiawatha for his advice. He
counseled them to
call a general council of all the tribes from the east
and west. "For,"
said he, "our strength is not in the war club and arrows
alone, but in wise
counsels." He appointed a place on the banks of
Onondaga Lake for
the meeting. It was a clear eminence from which there
was a wide
prospect. Runners were dispatched in every direction, and
the
chiefs, warriors
and headmen forthwith assembled in great numbers,
bringing with them,
in the general alarm, their women and children.
Fleets of canoes
were seen on the bosom of the lake, and every inteterior
warpath was kept
open by the foot-prints of the different tribes,
hurrying to obey
the summons of Hiawatha. All but the wise man himself
had been there for
three days, anxiously awaiting the arrival of
Hiawatha, when a
messenger was dispatched after him. They found him
gloomy and
depressed. Some great burden appeared to hang on his mind.
He
told them that evil
lay on his path, and that he had fearful forebodings
of ill-fortune. He
felt that he was called to make some great sacrifice,
but he did not know
what it was, it seemed to be hid from him. Least of
all did he think it
was to be his daughter: ever careful of her, he bade
her kindly to
accompany him. Nothing happened to hinder, or at all
interrupt their
voyage. The Talismanic canoe, which held them, gllded
silently down the
waters of the Seneca; not a paddle was necessary to
give it impetus,
while it pursued the downward course of the stream till
they reached the
point of the lake outlet. At this point Hiawatha took
his paddle and gave
it impetus against the current, until they entered on
the bright and calm
surface of the Onondaga, cradled, as this blue sheet
of water is, among
the lofty and far-swelling hills. When the white canoe
of the venerable
chief appeared, a shout of welcome rang among those
hills. The day was
calm and serene. No wind ruffled the lake, and
scarcely a cloud
floated in the sky above. But while the wise man was
measuring his steps
towards the place designated for the council, and
while ascending
from the water's edge, a rumbling and low sound was
heard, as if it
were caused by the approach of a violent, rushing wind.
Instantly all the
eyes were turned upwards, where a small and compact
mass of cloudy
darkness appeared. It gathered in size and velocity as it
approached, and
appeared to be directed inevitably to fall in the midst
of the assembly.
Every one fled in consternation but Hiawatha and his
daughter. He stood
erect, with ornaments waving in his frontlet, and
besought his
daughter calmly to await the issue, "for it is
impossible,"
said he, "to escape
the power of the Great Spirit. If he has determined
our destruction we
cannot, by running, fly from him." She modestly
assented and they
stood together, while horror was depicted in the faces
of the others. But
the force of the descending body was that of a sudden
storm. They had
hardly taken the resolution to halt when an immense bird,
with long, extended
wings, came down with swoop. This gigantic agent of
the sky came with
such force that the assembly felt the shock. The girl
being in a nature,
and embodied in the combination of the Terrestial and
Celestial nature,
was beautiful and fascinating in her looks and form,
was borne away by
this Celestial Bird to be seen no more upon the earth.
But Hiawatha was
inconsolable for his loss. He grieved sorely, day and
night, and wore a
desponding and dejected countenance. But these were
only faint
indications of the feelings of his heart. He threw himself
upon the ground,
and refused to be comforted. He seemed dumb with
melancholy, and the
people were concerned of his life. He spoke nothing;
he made no answers
to questions put to him, and laid still as if dead.
After several days
the council appointed a certain merry-hearted Chief to
make him a visit,
and to whisper a word of consolation in his ears to
arouse him from his
stupor. The result was successful. He approached with
ceremonies and
induced him to arise, and named the time when the council
would convene. Yet
haggard with grief, he called for refreshments and
ate. He then
adjusted his wardrobe and head-dress and went to the
council. He drew
his robe of wolf-skin gracefully around him, and walked
to his seat at the
head of the assembled chiefs with a majestic step.
Stiliness and the
most profound attention reigned in the council while he
presided, and the
discussion opened and proceeded. The subject of the
invasion was
handled by several of the ablest counselors and the
bravest
warriors. Various
plans were proposed to defeat the enemy. Hiawatha
listened with
silence until all had finished speaking. His opinion was
then asked. After a
brief allusion of the calamity which had befallen him
through the descent
of the great bird by the Great Spirit, he spoke to
the following
effect:
"I have listened to
the words of the wise men and brave chiefs, but it is
not fitting that we
should do a thing of so much importance in haste; it
is a subject
demanding calm reflection and mature deliberation. Let us
postpone the
decision for one day. During this time we will weigh well
the words of the
speakers who have already spoken. If they are good, I
will then approve
of them. If they are not, I will then open to you my
plan. It is one
which I have reflected on, and feel confident that it
will insure
safety."
When another day
had expired, the council again met. Hiawatha entered the
assembly with even
more than ordinary attention, and every eye was fixed
upon him, when he
began to address the council in the following words:
"Friends and
Brothers:--You being members of many tribes, you have come
from a great
distance; the voice of war has aroused you up; you are
afraid of your
homes, your wives and your children; you tremble for your
safety. Believe me,
I am with you. My heart beats with your hearts. We
are one. We have
one common object. We come to promote our common
interest, and to
determine how this can be best done.
"To oppose those
hordes of northern tribes, singly and alone, would prove
certain
destruction. We can make no progress in that way. We must
unite
ourselves into one
common band of brothers. We must have but one voice.
Many voices makes
confusion. We must have one fire, one pipe and one war
club. This will
give us strength. If our warriors are united they can
defeat the enemy
and drive them from our land; if we do this, we are
safe.
"Onondaga, you are
the people sitting under the shadow of the _Great
Tree_, whose
branches spread far and wide, and whose roots sink deep
into the earth. You
shall be the first nation, because you are warlike
and
mighty.
"Oneida, and you,
the people who recline your bodies against the
_Everlasting
Stone_, that cannot be moved, shall be the second
nation, because you
always give good counsel.
"Seneca, and you,
the people who have your habitation at the foot of the
_Great Mountain_,
and are overshadowed by its crags, shall be the
third nation,
because you are all greatly gifted in speech.
"Cayuga, you, whose
dwelling is in the _Dark Forest_, and whose home
is everywhere,
shall be the fourth nation, because of your superior
cunning in
hunting.
"Mohawk, and you,
the people who live in the open country, and possess
much wisdom, shall
be the fifth nation, because you understand better the
art of raising corn
and beans and making cabins.
"You five great and
powerful nations, with your tribes, must unite and
have one common
interest, and no foes shall disturb or subdue you.
"And you of the
different nations of the south, and you of the west, may
place yourselves
under our protection, and we will protect you. We
earnestly desire
the alliance and friendship of you all.
"And from you,
Squaw-ki-haws (being a remote branch of the Seneca
Nation), being the
people who are as the _Feeble Bushes_, shall be
chosen, a Virgin,
who shall be the peacemaker for all the nations of the
earth, and more
particularly the favored Ako-no-shu-ne, which name this
confederacy shall
ever sustain. If we unite in one band the Great Spirit
will smile upon us,
and we shall be free, prosperous and happy; but if we
shall remain as we
are we shall incur his displeasure. We shall be
enslaved, and
perhaps annihilated forever.
"Brothers, these
are the words of Hiawatha. Let them sink deep into your
hearts. I have
done."
A deep and
impressive silence followed the delivery of this speech.
On
the following day
the council again assembled to act on it. High wisdom
recommended this
deliberation.
The union of the
tribes into one confederacy was discussed and
unanimously
adopted. To denote the character and intimacy of the union
they employed the
figure of a single council-house, or lodge, whose
boundaries be
co-extensive with their territories. Hence the name of
Ako-
no-shu-ne, who were
called the Iroquois.
The great bird
which visited them from heaven brought a precious gift to
the warriors in the
white plumes which she shed at the visit. Every
warrior, as he
approached the spot where they fell, picked up a feather
of snowy white to
adorn his crown; and the celestial visitant thus became
the means of
furnishing the aspirants of military fame with an emblem
which was held in
the highest estimation. Succeeding generations imbibed
the custom from
this incident to supply themselves with a plumage
approaching it as
nearly as possible; they selected the plume of the
white
heron.
At the formation of
the confederacy Ato-ta-rho, being considered next in
wisdom and all
other traits of character which constitutes the necessary
qualifications of
an honored Sachem, was ordained as the head Sachem of
the confederacy,
which office has been transmitted down to succeeding
generations of the
Onondaga Nation to the present time.
Hiawatha, the
guardian and founder of the league, having now
accomplished
the will of the
Great Spirit, and the withdrawal of his daughter having
been regarded by
him as a sign that his mission was ended, he immediately
prepared to make
his final departure. Before the great council, which had
adopted his advice
just before dispersing, he arose, with a dignified
air, and addressed
them in the following manner:
"Friends and
Brothers:--I have now fulfilled my mission here below; I
have furnished you
seeds and grains for your gardens; I have removed
obstructions from
your waters, and made the forest habitable by teaching
you how to expel
its monsters; I have given you fishing places and
hunting grounds; I
have instructed you in the making and using of war
implements; I have
taught you how to cultivate corn, and many other arts
and gifts. I have
been allowed by the Great Spirit to communicate to you.
Last of all, I have
aided you to form a league of friendship and union.
If you preserve
this, and admit no foreign element of power by the
admission of other
nations, you will always be free, numerous and happy.
If other tribes and
nations are admitted to your councils, they will sow
the seed of
jealousy and discord, and you will become few, feeble and
enslaved.
"Friends and
brothers, these are the last words you will hear from the
lips of Hiawatha.
The Great Creator of our bodies calls me to go; I have
patiently awaited
his summons; I am ready to go. Farewell."
As the voice of the
wise man ceased, sweet strains of music from the air
burst on the ears
of the multitude. The whole sky appeared to be filled
with melody; and
while all eyes were directed to catch glimpses of the
sights, and enjoy
strains of the celestial music that filled the sky,
Hiawatha was seen,
seated in his snow-white canoe, amid the air,
_rising, rising_
with every choral chant that burst out. As he rose
the sound of the
music became more soft and faint, until he vanished amid
the summer clouds,
and the melody ceased. Thus terminated the labors and
cares of the
long-cherished memory of Ta-ren-ya-wa-gon.
I will now resume
the history of the sixth and last family, the Tuscarora
On-gwe-hon-wa, that
were left at the Neuse river, or Gan-ta-no. Here they
increased in
numbers, valor and skill, and in all knowledge of the arts
necessary in forest
life. The country was wide and covered with dense
wilderness, large
rivers and lakes, which gave shelter to many fierce
animals and
monsters which beset their pathways and kept them in
dread.
Now the Evil Spirit
also plagued them with monstrous visitations. They
were often induced
to change their locations; sometimes from fear of
enemies and
sometimes from epidemics, or some strange visitations.
I will now relate a
few of the monsters that plagued them: The first
enemy that appeared
to question their power or disturb their peace was
the fearful
phenomenon of Ko-nea-rah-yah-neh, or the flying heads. The
heads were
enveloped in beard and hair, flaming like fire; they were
of
monstrous size, and
shot through the air with the speed of meteors. Human
power was not
adequate to cope with them. The priests pronounced them a
flowing power of
some mysterious influence, and it remained with the
priests alone to
expel them by their magic power.
[Illustration:
Flying head and woman sitting by the fire]
Drum and rattle and
enchantments were deemed more effective than arrows
or clubs. One
evening, after they had been plagued a long time with
fearful
visitations, the flying head came to the door of a lodge
occupied
by a single female
and her dog. She was sitting composedly before the
fire roasting
acorns, which, as they became cooked, she deliberately
took
from the fire and
ate. Amazement seized the flying head, who put out two
huge black paws
from under his streaming beard. Supposing the woman to be
eating live coals
he withdrew, and from that time he came no more among
them.
And they were also
invaded by a still more fearful enemy, the Ot-nea-yar-
heh, or Stonish
Giants. They were a powerful tribe from the wilderness,
tall, fierce and
hostile, and resistance to them was vain. They defeated
and overwhelmed an
army which was sent out against them, and put the
whole country in
fear. These giants were not only of great strength, but
they were
cannibals, devouring men, women and children in their
inroads.
[Illustration:
Stonish giant chasing indians.]
It is said by the
Shawnees that these giants were descended from a
certain family
which was journeying on the east side of the Mississippi.
After some of them
had crossed the river on a vine it broke, which left
the main body on
the east bank of the river. Those who were on the west
side of the river
went toward the northwest. Being abandoned in their
wanderings, and
being vagrants, without any knowledge of the arts of
life, they forgot
the rules of humanity. They at first began to eat their
game in the raw
flesh, which led them finally to become cannibals, and
they practiced to
roll themselves in the sand, which caused their bodies
to be covered with
a hard skin, so that the arrows of the Tuscaroras only
rattled against
their rough bodies and fell at their feet. And the
consequence was,
that they were obliged to bide in caves and glens, and
were brought into
subjection by those fierce invaders for many winters.
At length the
Holder of the Heavens visited his people, and finding that
they were in great
distress, he determined to relieve them of these
barbarous invaders.
To accomplish this he changed himself as into one of
those giants. As
you will remember, it is said that he was able to change
himself into any
shape that he wished. He then joined himself with the
invaders, and
brandishing his heavy war club, led them on under the
pretence of finding
the other five nations, which they were also in the
habit of visiting.
When they came near to the strong fort at Onondaga,
they being weary of
the long journey, and the night being dark, their
leader bade them
lie down at the foot of a mountain until the customary
time to make the
attack, which was at the break of day. But during the
night the Indian
benefactor ascended the height and overwhelmed the
slumberers below
with a vast mass of rocks. At this catastrophe only one
escaped to carry
the news of their dreadful fate, and he fled toward the
north.
The Tuscaroras and
the other five nations were so much troubled with
giants and other
monsters that they were obliged to build forts to
protect themselves.
The way they built them was always by selecting an
eminence, or rocky
cliff, and on the back part was dug a trench according
to the plan of the
fort. Then timbers were set in the trench upright,
projecting above
the ground several feet, and being adjusted together as
close as possible,
and the trench being filled in again. They had two
gates, one way to
get their water, the other for a sally port.
They were also
molested by a terrific animal which they called Ro-qua-ho
--a variegated
lizzard--a swift runner and strikes very violent blows
with
its tail, which
destroyed many hunters while lying in lurk for them. One
day while a party
of hunters were on their journey to camp-out for the
purpose of hunting,
the party consisting of four, they came to a very
large hollow tree
where they noticed quite a number of great marks of
claws on the bark
of the tree. Supposing it to be the lodge of bears,
they laid their
bundles down and made ready for their game. One of them
bounded on the tree
and climbed it, and he struck the trunk of the tree
several times. When
the supposed bear appeared, to their consternation it
was found to be the
enemy they so much dreaded, the Ro-qua-ho. The person
on the tree only
stepped behind it and the other three ran away for their
lives. The
Ro-qua-ho came down and pursued them, and while yet in
sight
one was caught,
killed and brought back, and he carried the body into the
tree. Then he went
after the second which was brought in a short time,
after which, he
went for the third; then the one on the tree came down
and ran away also.
While on his way he heard a voice calling him; he
stopped, and
behold, a man of stately form, with long flowing hair
stood
and said, "Why run?
I have seen the distress of my people, I have come to
deliver them out of
trouble; now confide in me and we will prevail. I am
your benefactor,
Tarenyawagon. Get behind me, the enemy is approaching."
In the twinkling of
an eye this Celestial being was changed, and assumed
himself into a
great white bear. When the Roquaho came a great struggle
ensued, but with
the help of the man the enemy was killed.
They were again
molested by an extraordinary and ferocious animal in
various places--a
mammoth bear. One morning while a party of hunters were
in their camp, they
were alarmed by a great tumult breaking out from the
forest. Upon going
to ascertain the cause of this extraordinary noise,
they saw the great
monster on the bank pawing and rolling stones and logs
in every direction,
exhibiting the utmost rage. Another great animal of
the cat kind
appeared, and seized the bear and a dreadful fight ensued.
In the end the bear
got the worst of it and retired horribly mangled, and
never was heard of
afterwards.
After a while a
pestiferous and annoying creature of the insect kind
appeared in the
guise of the Ro-tay-yo (a huge mosquito). It first
appeared among the
Tuscaroras along the Neuse river. It flew about with
vast wings, making
a loud noise, with a long stinger; and on whomsoever
it lighted it
sucked out all the blood and killed them. Many warriors
were destroyed in
this way, and all attempts made to subdue it were vain;
but at length it
retired of itself. Next they heard that it appeared
about the fort at
Onondaga, where it also destroyed many lives, until
Tarenyawagon made a
visit to the ruler of the Onondagas. The great
mosquito happened
to come flying about the fort as usual at that time.
Tarenyawago
immediately made his attack, but such was the rapidity of
its
flight, that he
could scarcely keep in sight of it. He chased it around
the borders of the
great lakes, towards the sun-setting, and around the
great country at
large, east and west. At last he overtook it, and took
his strong bow and
sent an arrow which struck him through the heart and
killed him, near
Gen-an-do-a (the salt lake of Onondaga). From the blood
flowing out on this
occasion were the present species of small mosquito
originated.
I have now related
a few of the tragedies of the dark recesses of the
forest, from the
many that our tradition relates.
There was also a
little old man of singular appearance that frequented
among them at their
ball plays, and did not seem to be inclined to make
acquaintance with
any one, but kept by himself and appeared to be mild
and humble. At
length this man became very sick with putrefying sores
from head to foot
and was very loathesome. Nobody knew who he was or
where he came from:
he had no home; he gave his name as Qua-ra, or
Rabbit: he went
from house to house of all the different clans or tribes
in the nation, as
for instance, the Eel, Snipe, Beaver, Turtle, Wolf,
Deer. When he would
approach the house, seemingly to go in, they would
loathe him to
enter, and when he came to the doorstep he would seem to
hear their thoughts
and then return; thus he was repulsed from all the
houses of the above
clans, he finally came to the house of the Bear clan.
When the mistress
of the house observed him coming, she had pity on him,
and presently
prepared a bed for him with the best deerskins she had;
when he came to the
door he knew her hospitable heart and went in. She
immediately assured
him of his welcome in her meanly hut, and that she
was ready to do
everything in her power to relieve his distress, and
appointed his lodge
where he had laid himself nearly exhausted. He then
told her to go and
get the root of a certain kind of plant, which she
immediately did and
prepared according to his direction, which he took
and readily
recovered. He then went through a series of diseases,
directing her as
before to get the different kind of medicines for the
different diseases.
Lastly, he became sick with that fatal disease,
consumption. This
he said was incurable, and he must die. He then told
her he was a
messenger from Tarenyawagon, to show them the diseases
that
they should be
subjected to, and also the medicine to cure them. And also
to tell them the
predictions of their fate and doom. Said he could not
withhold the water
from his eyes, or keep from quaking when he thought of
their irrevocable
doom to which they were destined, and said: "There is a
habitation beyond
these great waters towards the sun-rising, which are
inhabited by beings
of very pale faces, and are looking only to
themselves, have
pity for nobody, and make their delight in doing
mischief. They have
killed Rah-wah-ne-yo (God); they mocked him and done
all manner of bad
things to him, and finally, they fastened him to a tree
until he died. But
death and the grave had not power to hold him. He
arose and lives
again, and he has gone to the world above, in those happy
hunting grounds
where all good O-qua-ho-wa (Indians), will go when they
die, and will see
him as he is.
"Now this class of
pale-faces will come across the great waters and make
their abode on this
island, and will bring poison to give you to drink,
which will poison
the spirit and kill the body. They will kill your
husbands, brothers
and sons, and drive you away to the sun-setting, and
will deprive the
children that are coming behind, off their domain. They
will drive you
until you are in the great salt water up to your waist.
Oh, hostess, this
is the final doom of your great nation.
"And now as for
you, Oh, mother, I have no words that I can utter, to
express the sincere
gratitude of my inmost soul. I have nothing to give
to compensate you
for all the tenderness you have given me. But my
blessings I will
leave with you. I place in the midst of your clan, the
Bear, a majestic
pine tree, which is ever green, and as the top reaches
above all other
trees, so will your clan be. Wherever the nation will be
driven to, your
clan will multiply above all others, and be the ruler of
the nation. This is
all I have to deliver unto you. I now commend myself
to that Great
Spirit that has made us all, who ruleth above."
Thus ended the last
messenger of Tarenyawagon, who is now basking in the
pleasures of that
hunting ground in the world above.
TUSCARORA.
Before the
discovery, by Columbus, the Tuscaroras consisted of six
towns,
and they were a
powerful nation, numbering over twelve hundred warriors,
which, at a ratio
according to the rule of estimating, would bring them
at about five or
six thousand souls.
The Tuscaroras had
many years of enjoyment and peaceful possession of
their domain,
consisting of six towns on the Roanoke, Neuse, Taw and
Pemlico rivers, in
the State of North Carolina. And they were also
confederated to six
other nations, which were the Corees, Mattamuskeets,
Notaways and the
Bear River Indians; the names of the other two nations I
have been unable to
obtain. My readers will readily see why some writers
have it that they
consisted in twelve towns, and other writers would have
it that they
consisted in six towns. The real Tuscaroras consisted in
six
towns; but with the
confederate nations, altogether, were known to be in
twelve towns, and
all these different nations which composed the
confederacy went
under the name of Tuscarora, the Tuscaroras being the
most powerful of
the several nations.
The tradition of
the Tuscaroras admits of having captured Lawson and his
party, and executed
some of them to death on account of their
encroachments upon
their domain; but concerning the massacre of Oct. 2d,
1711, the
Tuscaroras emphatically deny having taken any part in the
affair whatever,
officially. The project was presented to them and in the
council of the
sachems, chiefs and warriors, they emphatically declined
taking any part in
such a movement, but said if the colonists made
encroachments and
trespass on their domain, it is no more than right and
just that we defend
our rights, and even cautioned their young men that
they should not
take any part whatever in the action; but, nevertheless,
there were a few of
the rash and reckless warriors that took part in the
disorder.
The Corees,
Mattamuskeets, and Bear River Indians seemed to be the
instigators of the
project: but there were several other nations that
took part in the
massacre. These three nations being considered
Tuscaroras, on
account of the confederacy, and the capture of Lawson and
his party a little
previous to this time by the Tuscaroras, led the
colonists to
conclude that it was the Tuscaroras who caused the
disaster,
and to them was
directed the feud of the colonists.
A little previous
to these disorders, it seems that there were some white
men, as our
tradition states, with long coats and wide brimmed hats,
visited several
nations of the Indians in that neighborhood, and appeared
to be very friendly
toward them, wished them success in everything, and
told them that
those settlers who were on the borders of their lands and
constantly
encroaching and committing depredations upon the Indians,
were
not of the
government, but were merely squatters, who settled there
of
their own accord,
and if they were cut off, there would be none to avenge
them, and were
advised to do so.
It has always been
a question in my mind who those white men were, to
give such rash
advice. Were they Quakers? But what motive had they in
advising, from
which so great a disaster was the result? Or, were they
men in disguise,
from the county of Bath, in which the massacre was
committed, to make
the Indians believe that they were Quakers, as the two
counties were in
arms against each other at that time.
To coroborate the
tradition above, I would call your attention to part of
a letter from
President Pollock to Lord Craven, in the year 1712, who
attributes the
calamity thus:
"Our divisions,"
says he, "chiefly occasioned by the Quakers and some
other ill-disposed
persons, have been the cause of all the troubles, for
the Indians were
informed by some of the traders that the people who
lived here are only
a few vagabonds, who had run away from other
governments and
settled here of their own accord, without any authority,
so that if they
were cut off, there would be none to revenge them. This
with their seeing
our differences rise to such a heighth, that consisting
of two counties
only, were in arms one against the other, encouraged them
to fall upon the
county of Bath, expecting it would have no assistance
from this nor any
other of the English plantations. This is the chief
cause that moved
the Indians to rise against us, as far as I understand."
The Tuscaroras
never had the inclination of cutting off the inhabitance
of the pale faces.
Nevertheless, they did not always remain idle or
unconcerned
spectators of the feuds and dissensions that so long
prevailed among the
white people, toward the red men. The successive and
regular
encroachments, on their hunting grounds and plantations,
which
the increase of the
European population occasioned, had not always been
submitted to
without murmur.
Although they were
pleased with the neighbors, from whom they had trade
for their furs, and
could procure spirituous liquors and other articles,
which tended to the
gratification of their real or imaginary wants. And
they were required
to surrender larger and larger portions of their
domain, and at
last, the removal of families from the neighborhood of
their long
cherished memories of the graves of their ancestors, to
the
more distant and
less valuable tracts of land. Other causes of animosity
and ill-will were
not wanting. Their hunters were shot down like so many
beasts, at the edge
of the settlement, killed in their wigwams, their
young females'
chastity violated, and many other things might be related,
which their
tradition shows. But I have neither heart nor inclination
to
bring to a
resurrection the long gone-by memories of our forefathers.
I
would that all were
cast into oblivion, where might not be found neither
trace nor track;
but rather that the chain of friendship which has
existed for more
than a century between the Tuscaroras and the United
States Government
may be made brighter and brighter as time rolls on.
I have said that
the Tuscaroras never had the inclination of cutting off
the first colonies,
and if that were their desire, how readily would they
have excepted the
advice of President Thomas Carey, through one of his
counsel--Edward
Porter--in the year 1710, of which you will find in
Martin's History of
North Carolina a difficulty between Gov. Hyde and the
above, to-wit:
"Before any relief could be sent he attempted the landing
of some of his men
under fire of his brig, but they were repulsed by the
militia of the
neighborhood, which Gov. Hyde had time to collect. They
returned on board,
and their Chief sought a safe retreat in the swamps of
the Tar river,
where he raised his standard and endeavored to bring the
Tuscarora Indians
into an alliance. For this purpose he dispatched to
them Edward Porter,
one of his counsel, who endeavored by promises of
great rewards to
induce them to cut off all the inhabitants of that part
of the province who
adhered to Gov. Hyde. This was acceded to by some of
his young warriors,
but when the matter was debated in council the old
men dissuaded them
from listening to Porter."
Now, did not some
of Carey's men go afterwards to some of the neighboring
Indian nations and
induced them, in the year 1710, to commit the
massacre?
I suppose to the
critical reader, and to the people generally, my writing
will appear to them
fictitious, because of their first impression, which
has been taught
them by many historians. Historians generally have given
only one side of
the story, and have avoided, as much as possible, to
give the history of
the wrongs done to the Tuscaroras, but they are very
scrupulous to
preserve the history of the capture of Lawson, his
execution and of
the massacre, which they allege to have been committed
by the Tuscaroras,
and are styled by many as being inimical, haughty,
jealous, warlike
bloodhounds, bloodthirsty and scarcely to be human.
These are the first
impressions made by the historians upon the mind of
the world. I
suppose, for the purpose of getting a general verdict,
that
it was right; that
they were crushed as a nation, their domain snatched
from them, driven
into the cold world, and not a word has been written by
historians, or the
Tuscaroras themselves, to vindicate their cause.
But with all the
great tide of prejudiced feelings towards the
Tuscaroras, I have
ventured to write their history as I have received it,
and think it to be
true.
After the massacre,
and the Tuscaroras heard it reported that they were
charged with being
the author of the disaster, they immediately sent
messengers and
denied the charge of having officially taken any part in
the disorder, but
acknowledged that a few of the reckless and lawless
warriors did take
part against their admonitions, but they were willing
to make all the
restoration that was in their power to do, and would
fight for them if
necessary. At different times they petitioned,
remonstrated and
supplicated for peace, which was slighted and
disregarded, and
only produced more violence and insult.
Notice what
Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, said concerning the
Tuscaroras, to
wit:
"On the first of
the disaster I sent a detachment of the militia to the
tributary Indians
of this province to prevent them from joining in the
war, and
understanding that the Indians in some of the Tuscarora
towns
had refused to
march against the whites, sent a messenger to invite them,
with the rest of
the friendly tribes, to a conference at the Nottoway
line, on the
southern border of Virginia, where he met them on the 7th
of
November."
"The Governor,
after entering into some conversation with the Chiefs, had
the pleasure of
finding the report which his messengers had made, from
their observations
while in the Tuscarora towns, that they were very
desirous of
continuing in peace, and were greatly concerned that any
of
their nation should
have joined in the massacre."
The Chiefs, after
accounting for the delay that occurred, expressed the
desire of the
Indians of their towns to continue in strict friendship
with the whites,
and assist them in chastising the authors of the late
disorder.
"But now an
unfortunate difference arose between the Governor and the
burgesses, the
latter insisting on the passage of a bill for raising an
army in Virginia,
without trusting to the sincerity of the profession of
the Tuscarora
Chiefs. The Governor refusing to accede to this
proposition, and
declining to co-operate in their plans, the dispute
ended by a
dissolution of the assembly."
There was at one
time a treaty of peace concluded between the Sachems and
Chiefs of the
Tuscaroras and Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, and one of
the conditions of
the treaty was to help in chastising the authors of the
late massacre. In
conformity with this pledge the Tuscaroras made an
attack on the
Mattamuskeets, where they obtained thirty scalps and
presented them to
the authorities of the whites, of which they pretended
to be pleased. I
don't doubt but that they were really pleased, but not
with any good
feelings towards the Tuscaroras. I suppose the object was
to get all the
other Indian nations alienated from them, so that in due
time they might be
easily conquered, because they were the nation that
the whites seemed
bent on destroying. The Tuscaroras had faith in the
treaty, but only to
disappoint them in the thought of having the dark
cloud which hung so
glowingly over them taken away. It is said by
historians that the
Tuscaroras disregarded the treaty and began
hostilities. But I
will relate a tradition, handed down from generation
to generation,
which is as follows, to wit:
Some little time
after the treaty concluded, several white men went into
one of their towns
and said that they were sent by the government to
distribute among
them an annuity of goods in token of friendship; and
also said, "In
token of your sincerity to the treaty of peace, you will
all repair to a
place where there is a cord stretched out in a straight
line, you must all
take hold of the line with your right hand, and all
those that refuse
to take hold will be considered as hostile and will be
omitted in the
distribution of the goods." They all went to the place
designated and
found the cord strung out for nearly a mile; at one end of
it was a bundle
covered with cloth, which, as they supposed, contained
the goods; so the
unsuspecting Indians, women and children, with eager
hearts, laid hold
on the rope. When it was thought that they were in a
proper position,
the white men all at once uncovered the supposed goods,
which was a large
cannon, and being prepared to shoot in a line with the
cord it was at once
fired and roared like thunder. In a moment the ground
along the cord was
strewn with the meats of the Tuscaroras. This is one
of the effects of
the treaty at that time.
I will copy a
report of Governor Spotswood to the Lords Commissioners of
Trade, in the year
1711, to-wit:
"Had they," said
he, "really intended to carry on the war against the
Indians, they could
not have done it in a more frugal way than by the
treaty I concluded
with the Tuscarora chiefs.
"Indeed, some of
that house, since the dissolution, own more freely than
they would do while
sitting, that most of the irregularities of their
proceedings are
owing to some rash votes, passed without foresight, which
they could not
afterwards get over without breaking the rules of their
house; and so they
chose, rather, to let the country suffer than to own
themselves in an
error.
"Some of the
Tuscarora chiefs have lately been with Governor Spotswood,
of Virginia, and
pretend a great inclination to peace.
"They are again to
be with him on the 26th of this month; we are to send
two agents to meet
them there--Mr. Tobias Knight and Mayor Christophe
Gale--not with any
expectation that the Governor will make any treaty for
us, for that would
be dishonorable to your lordship and make us appear
contemptible in the
eyes of the Indians, but with a view to hear what
they have to
propose."
I might quote many
more passages similar to those above, but let these
few suffice to show
how the Tuscaroras were treated. Now, finally, with a
combination of
causes, they were in 1713, crushed and broken down as a
nation, to satisfy
the inclinations of the white people, persecutions
being kept up by
neighboring whites and southern Indians until June
following. The
Oneida Indians, having heard of the disaster to the
Tuscarora Nation,
invited them to come and make their dwelling among
them: so,
accordingly, they left Carolina and took their journey north
to
rejoin their sister
nations.
Methink I can see
them leaving their once cherished homes--the aged, the
helpless, the women
and children, and the warriors faint and few--the
ashes are cold on
their native hearth; the smoke no more curls round
their lowly cabin:
they move on with slow, unsteady steps; they turn to
take a last look
upon their doomed village and cast a last glance upon
the long cherished
memories of their fathers' graves. They shed no tears;
they utter no
cries: they heave no groans, they linger but a moment.
They
know and feel that
there is for them still one more remove further, not
distant nor
unseen.
One bright, sunny
June morning, in the year 1813, was one of the darkest
days that the
Tuscaroras ever witnessed, when most of the nation took
their pace to the
north until they came within the bounds of the Oneida
domain, about two
miles west of Tamaqua, in the state of Pennsylvania,
where they located
and set out apple trees which can be seen to this day:
some of the trees,
will measure about two feet in diameter. Here they
dwelled for about
two years.
In about the year
1815, the Iroquois, being the Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca,
Oneida and Cayuga
nations, which were then called the five nations, had a
general council
where the Tuscarora made an application through their
brothers the
Oneida, to be admitted into the Iroquois and become the
sixth nation, on
the grounds of a common generic origin, which was
granted them
unanimously. Then the Seneca adopted the Tuscarora as
their
children. Ever
since that time to the present, if a Seneca addresses the
Tuscaroras, he will
invariably salute them as "my sons," in social or in
council; and also
the Tuscaroras in return will say "my fathers." The
relation has always
been kept up to the present.
The Tuscaroras were
then initiated without enlarging the frame-work of
the confederacy and
formation of the League, by allowing them their own
Sachems and Chiefs,
which they had as hereditary from their nation in the
south, except on
which they gave, as the Holder of the Tree, to sit and
enjoy a nominal
equality in the councils of the League, by the courtesy
of the other five
nations. They were not dependent, but were admitted to
as full an equality
as could be granted them without enlarging the frame-
work of the
confederacy. In the councils of the League they had no
national
designation. They were then assigned a portion of the
Oneidas'
territory, which is
lying upon the Unadilla river on the east, the
Chenango on the
west, and the Susquehanna on the south, where they
dwelled and enjoyed
their peace again for about seventy years. In 1736
they numbered 200
warriors of fighting men.
We again hear of
the Tuscarora by history, concerning a massacre of the
German Flats, N.
Y., in November, 1757.
A narrative
communicated to the author of the Documentary History of
New
York, vol. 2, page
520, viz: A few days after this massacre and
desolation had been
perpetrated, Sir William Johnson dispatched Geo.
Croghan, Esq.,
Deputy Agent, with Mr. Montour, the Indian interpreter, to
the German Flats,
where he understood several of the Oneida and Tuscarora
Indians were
assembled, in order to call upon them to explain why they
had not given more
timely notice to the Germans of the designs and
approach of the
enemy, it having been reported that no intelligence had
been given by the
Indians until the same morning the attack was made, and
as these Indians
might naturally be supposed, from their situation and
other
circumstances, to have had an earlier knowledge of the
enemy's
design and
march.
Before Mr. Croghan
could get up to the German Flats the aforesaid Indians
were on their road
homewards, but he was informed that the Chief Sachem
of the Upper Oneida
town, with a Tuscarora Sachem (which is supposed to
be Solomon
Longboard) and another Oneida Indian, were still about
four
miles from Fort
Harkeman, upon which he sent a messenger to acquaint them
that he was at the
said fort.
The aforesaid
Indians returned, and on the 3oth of November, at Fort
Harkeman,
Conaghquieson, the Oneida Sachem, made the following speech
to
Mr. Croghan, having
first called in one Rudolph Shumaker, Hanjost Harkman
and several other
Germans who understood the Indian language, and desired
them to sit down
and hear what he had to say. Conaghquieson then
proceeded and
said:
"Brothers:--I can't
help telling you that we were very much surprised to
hear that our
English brethren suspect and charge us with not giving
them
timely notice of
the designs of the French, as it is well known we have
not neglected to
give them every piece of intelligence that came to our
knowledge.
"Brothers, about
fifteen days before the affair happened we sent the
Germans word that
some Swegatchi Indians told us that the French were
determined to
destroy the German Flats, and desired them to be on their
guard. About six
days after that we had a further account from the
Swegatchi Indians
that the French were preparing to march.
"I then came to the
German Flats, and in a meeting with the Germans told
them what we had
heard, and desired to collect themselves together in a
body at their fort,
[Footnote: A stockaded work round the church, and a
block-house, with a
ditch, and a parapet thrown up by Sir William
Johnson, a year
ago, upon an alarm then given.] and secure their women,
children and
effects, and to make the best defence they could. At the
same time I told
them to write what I had said to our brother,
Warraghryagey
(meaning Sir William Johnson [Footnote: They never sent
this intelligence
to Sir William Johnson.]), but they paid not the least
regard to what I
told them, and laughed at me, slapping their hands on
their buttocks,
saying they did not value the enemy, upon which I
returned home and
sent one of our people to the lake (meaning Oneida
Lake) to find out
whether the enemy were coming or not. After he had
staid there two
days the enemy arrived at the carrying-place, and sent
word to the castle
at the lake that they were there, and told them what
they were going to
do, but charged them not to let us at the upper castle
know anything of
their design. As soon as the man I sent there heard this
he came on to us
with the account that night; and as soon as we received
it we sent a belt
of wampum, to confirm the truth thereof, to the Flats,
which came here the
day before the enemy made their attack: but the
people would not
give credit to the account even then, or they might have
saved their lives.
[Footnote: The Indians who brought the belt of wampum,
finding the Germans
still incredulous, the next morning, just before the
attack began, laid
hold on the German Minister, and in a manner forced
him over to the
other side of the river, by which means he and some who
followed him
escaped the fate of their brethren.] This is the truth,
and
those Germans here
present know it to be so. The aforesaid Germans did
acknowledge it to
be so, and that they had such intelligence.
"GEORGE
CROGHAN."
The Oneida being
the original owner of the tract of land assigned to the
Tuscarora as
aforesaid, were made party with the Tuscarora to the
treaty
made at Fort
Herkimer in the year 1785, by which it was ceded to the
State, and the
Oneida took all the avails of the treaty. The Tuscaroras
were then again
left without a home and were partially scattered among
the other nations,
although they continued to preserve their nationality.
They had some
settlements, at a later period, in Oneida Castle, called
by
them
Gaunea-wahro-hare (signifying head on the pole), and one in
the
valley of the
Genesee below Avon, called by them Ju-na-stre-yo
(signifying the
beautiful valley); another settlement at Con-na-so-ra-ga,
on the line between
Onondaga and Oneida; another in the fork of
Chattenango Creek,
which they called Ju-ta-nea-ga (signifying where the
sun shines); and
another on the Jordan Creek, which they called Kan-ha-to
(signifying limb in
water). These several places were settled at
different periods,
which I am not able to give.
In the
revolutionary war between the United States and Great Britain,
the
Tuscaroras then had
their settlement at the place alotted them by the
league in 1715,
between the Unadilla river and the Chenango. They took an
active part with
the United States. Many a soldier and scout of the
United States, in
their fatigue and hunger, found a rest and a morsel in
the rude homes of
the Tuscaroras, which were ever hospitably open to
them.
When the other
Indians which took part with the British knew that the
Tuscaroras took
part with the United States, they invaded their
settlement,
destroyed their property and burned down their houses to
ashes, which
scattered them for a while. There was a party that settled
at Oyouwayea, or
Johnson's landing place, on lake Ontario, about four
miles east of the
mouth of Niagara River, which is at the mouth of the
four-mile creek,
for the purpose of getting out of the centre of the
other Indians which
were for the British.
About the close of
the war there were two families of the Tuscaroras
hunting and fishing
along the shores of lake Ontario, and then up the
east shore of
Niagara River as far as Lewiston, and there left their
canoe; then
traveled east and up the mountain as far as a place which
they now call the
Old Saw Mill (now on the Tuscarora Reservation), above
the Ayers' farm,
where they saw great quantities of butternuts and
walnuts and and a
nice stream of water flowing down the mountain; there
they took their
rest, and after remaining several days they concluded to
make their winter
quarters at that place, which they did. After they were
missing for a time
from the settlement at Johnson's landing, they were
hunted by their
people and finally found at this place. A few years after
this the Oneidas
and Tuscaroras ceded the tract of land that was
apportioned to the
Tuscaroras; then families after families came and
located with those
two families mentioned above. This is the beginning of
the settlement of
the present Tuscarora Reservation.
The Tuscaroras,
ever since the revolutionary war, have had their
residence within
the territory of the Seneca nation, they being
considered the
father of the Tuscarora by being adopted as such, at the
time of their
initiation into the confederacy, in the year 1715.
I will here give
the boundary of the Seneca Nation domain, according to
the treaty entitled
"A Treaty between the United States of America and
the Tribes of
Indians called the Six Nations":
"The President of
the United States having determined to hold a
conference with the
Six Nations of Indians, for the purpose of removing
from their minds
all causes of complaint, and establishing a firm and
permanent
friendship with them, and Timothy Pickering being
appointed
sole agent for that
purpose, and the agent having met and conferred with
the sachems, chiefs
and warriors of the Six Nations, in a general
council, now, in
order to accomplish the good design of the conference,
the parties have
agreed on the following articles, when ratified by the
President, with the
advice and consent of the Senate of the United
States, shall be
binding on them and the Six Nations.
"Article 1. Peace
and friendship are hereby firmly established, and shall
be perpetual
between the United States and the Six Nations.
"Article 2. The
United States acknowledge the lands reserved to the
Oneida, Onondaga,
and Cayuga Nations, in their respective treaties with
the State of New
York, and called their reservations, to be their
property; and the
United States will never claim the same, nor disturb
them or either of
the Six Nations, nor their Indian friends residing
thereon and united
with them, in the free use and enjoyment thereof; but
the said
reservations shall remain theirs until they choose to sell
the
same to the people
of the United States, who have the right to purchase.
"Article 3. The
land of the Seneca Nation is bounded as follows:
Beginning on Lake
Ontario at the northwest corner of the land they sold
to Oliver Phelps,
the line runs westerly along the lake as far as O-yong-
wong-yeh creek, at
Johnson's landing place, about four miles eastward
from the fort of
Niagara; then southerly up that creek to its main fork;
then straight to
the main fork of Stedman's creek, which empties into the
Niagara river above
fort Schlosser; and then onward from that fort,
continuing the same
straight course, to the river (this line from the
mouth of
O-yong-wong-yeh creek to the river Niagara above Fort
Schlosser,
being the eastern
boundary of a strip of land extending from the same
line to Niagara
river, which the Seneca Nation ceded to the king of Great
Britain at a treaty
held about thirty years ago, with Sir William
Johnson); then the
line runs along the river Niagara to Lake Erie; then
along Lake Erie to
the eastern corner of a triangle piece of land which
the United States
ceded to the state of Pennsylvania, as by the
President's patent,
dated the third day of March 1792; then due south to
the boundary of
that state; then due east to the southwest corner of the
land sold by the
Seneca Nation to Oliver Phelps; and then northerly along
Phelps' line to the
place of beginning, on Lake Ontario. Now, the United
States acknowledge
all the land within the aforementioned boundary to be
the property of the
Seneca Nation; and the United States will never claim
the same, nor
disturb the Seneca Nation, nor their Indian friends
residing thereon
and united with them, in the free use and enjoyment
thereof; but it
shall remain theirs until they choose to sell the same to
the people of the
United States, who have the right to purchase.
"Article 4. The
United States having thus described and acknowledged what
lands belong to the
Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas, and engaged
never to claim the
same, nor disturb them or any of the Six Nations, nor
their Indian
friends residing thereon and united with them, in the free
use and enjoyment
thereof, etc. Proclaimed January 21, 1785."
You will observe in
the treaty above that the name of the Tuscarora
Nation is not
mentioned at all, and yet speaks of the Six Nations, which
includes the
Tuscarora Nation. The reason is this: In Article 2 you
will
observe that all
the nations that have their lands on the east side of
what is known as
the Phelps line were named, and west of that line was
the land of the
Seneca Nation on which the Tuscaroras resided, and were
considered as being
merged into the Seneca Nation, and have the benefit
of the laws enacted
for them.
There was also a
contract entered into between the Seneca Nation of
Indians of the
first part, and Robert Morris. Esq., of the city of
Philadelphia, of
the second part. At a treaty held under the authority of
the United States,
at Genesee, in the county of Ontario, State of New
York, on the
fifteenth day of September, 1797, and on sundry days
immediately prior
thereto, by the Honorable Jeremiah Wadsworth. Esq., a
commissioner
appointed by the President of the United States to hold
the
same, when the
Senecas ceded the country that included the now Tuscarora
Reservation. The
Tuscaroras then and there made their complaint by their
chiefs, for the
first since they were initiated into the confederacy of
the Iroquois; in
the presence of the commissioner and the others that are
parties to the
treaty; that the Iroquois had from time to time allotted
them lands and had
been ceded each time by the Iroquois, without giving
them a farthing to
remunerate them for their portion of the lands so
ceded, or for the
improvements that they had made, and asked if they were
to be driven in
this manner from place to place all the days of their
existence, and if
that is the way a father should use their children or
brothers should use
their brothers, and to keep them living in
disappointment;
they also alluded to a treaty concluded at Fort Stanwix
three years before
this, where the commissioners of the United States
reserved to them
land, which read as follows:
"Article 2. The
Oneida and Tuscarora Nations shall be secured in the
possession of the
lands on which they are settled."
The commissioner
then inquired into the merits of the complaint of the
Tuscaroras, which
the Iroquois affirmed; the commissioner then said to
them, that it is
not right to make a contract, or to grant anything
without faith; it
is only honorable when you adhere to your stipulation.
When Robert Morris
knew that the Tuscaroras were destitute of land, he
reserved and
donated to them two square miles being 1280 acres; the
Senecas also
granted to them one square mile being 640 acres, which
grant
was made at the
convention dated above. On the 13th day of March, 1808,
the sachems, chiefs
and head men of the Seneca Nation of Indians executed
a written indenture
of the grant or deed to the Tuscarora Nation, of the
one square mile of
land above mentioned, and was duly signed by the
sachems, chiefs and
head men of the aforesaid Indians. On the 22d day of
September, 1810, it
was entered and put on file in the Niagara County
Clerk's office, on
page 56; and was again put on file in the Niagara
County Clerk's
Office, Lockport, in book of deeds 151, page 168, March
13,
1879.
About the year
1800, Solomon Longbard and his brother held private
council between
themselves, consulting how they might obtain more land to
make a permanent
home for the Tuscaroras and their generation after them,
they concluded to
repair to North Carolina and see if they could procure
any means from that
source, whereby they might obtain more land. In
pursuance, the
Tuscarora Chiefs in council appointed as delegates Solomon
Longboard and
Sacarrissa, being sachems of the nation in the year 1801,
and in 1802 they
effected a lease by the aid of the Legislature of North
Carolina, from
which accrued $13,722; and in the year 1804, General
Dearborn, then
Secretary of War, was authorized by Congress to buy land
for the Tuscaroras
with the said money, by which he bought 4,329 acres of
the Holland Land
Company, which is now on the south and east side of the
three square miles
mentioned above, which now constitutes the Tuscarora
Reservation.
The Tuscarora
Nation was once more at peace and in possession of lands
which they could
call their own.
Tuscaroras at North
Carolina.
In tracing the
history of the Tuscaroras that migrated to the north and
joined themselves
with the Iroquois, we would not forget those few who
remained with King
James Blunt, a Tuscarora Chief, in North Carolina, who
had a tract of land
allotted to them on Pamplico river. The smallness of
their number
disabling them from resisting the attacks of the southern
Indians, Governor
Charles Eden, of North Carolina, and the council, on
the 5th day of
June, 1718, entered into a treaty, by which the land on
Pamplico river was
abandoned by the Tuscaroras and another tract granted
to them, on Roanoke
river, in the present county of Birtie, in
consideration of
which they relinquished all claims of any other land in
the province,
butted and bounded as follows, viz.: Beginning at the
mouth
of Quitsnoy swamp,
running up the said swamp four hundred and 35 poles,
to a scrubby oak
near the head of the swamp, by a great spring; then
north ten degrees
east, eight hundred and fifty poles, to a persimmon
tree on Raquis
swamp; then along the swamp and Pacosin main course north
fifty-seven degrees
west, two thousand six hundred and forty poles, to a
hickory tree on the
east side of the Falling Run, or Deep creek, and down
the various courses
of the said run to Morattock; then down the river to
the first
station.
In the
administration of the Governor, Gabriel Johnson, Esq., at
a
General Assembly
held at New Bern on the 15th day of October, 1748, by
virtue of an act,
this same limit of land above was confirmed and assured
to James Blunt,
Chief of the Tuscarora Nation, and the people under his
charge, their heirs
and successors forever, any law, usage, custom or
grant to the
contrary notwithstanding.
At the time the
Tuscaroras migrated to the north, King James Blunt was
the Sachem of those
that remained, and his successor in office, as we see
in an act of the
General Assembly of North Carolina, in the year 1778,
was Whitmell
Tuffdick. The last Sachem, or Chief, of that part of the
Tuscaroras--Samuel
Smith--expired in the year 1802, at which time
Sacarrissa and
Solomon Longboard, both being Sachems of the northern
Tuscaroras,
migrated the residue of the Tuscaroras from North Carolina
to
their Reservation
in Niagara county, State of New York, where they were
again blended
together in one nation.
Concerning the land
allotted to the Tuscaroras in Birtie--they have
leased it several
times; and I have selected a few of the laws of North
Carolina that are
now in force, concerning the Tuscaroras in that state,
namely:
"A. D. 1748. Vol.
I. Chapter 43, page 174; by Potter, Taylor and Yancy,
Esqs. Anno Regni
Georgii II, Vicessinio second.
"Gabriel Johnson,
Esq., Governor.
"At a general
assembly held at New Bern, the fifteenth day of October,
in
the year of our
Lord one thousand seven hundred and forty-eight."
CHAPTER
43.
"An Act for
ascertaining the bounds of a certain tract of land
formerly
laid out by treaty
to the use of the Tuscarora Indians, so long as they,
or any of them,
shall occupy and live upon the same, and to prevent any
person or persons
taking up lands, or settling within the said bounds, by
pretense of any
purchase or purchases made, or that shall be made, from
the said
Indians.
"1. Whereas,
complaints are made by the Tuscarora Indians, of divers
encroachments made
by the English on their lands, and it being but just
that the ancient
inhabitants of this Province shall have and enjoy a
quiet and
convenient dwelling place in this their native country,
wherefore,
"_Bounds of the
Indians' lands confirmed_.--2. We pray that it may
be enacted, and be
it enacted by His Excellency Gabriel Johnson, Esquire,
Governor, by and
with the advice and consent of his majesty's council,
and general
assembly of this province, and it is hereby enacted by the
authority of the
same that the lands formerly allotted the Tuscarora
Indians by solemn
treaty, lying on Morattock river, in Birtie county,
being the same
whereon they now dwell. Butted and bounded as follows,
viz: Beginning at
the mouth of Quitsnoy Swamp, running up the said swamp
four hundred and
thirty-five poles, to a scrubby oak, near the head of
the swamp, by a
great spring; thence north ten degrees east, eight
hundred and fifty
poles, to a persimmon tree, on Raquis swamp; thence
along the swamp,
and Pacosin main course, north fifty-seven degrees west,
two thousand six
hundred and forty poles to a hickory on the east side of
the falling run or
deep creek, and down the various courses of the said
run to Morattock
river, then down the river to the first station; shall
be confirmed and
assured; and by virtue of this act, is confirmed and
assured, to James
Blunt, chief of the Tuscarora Nation, and the people
under his charge,
their heirs and successors, forever, any law, usage,
custom, or grant,
to the contrary, notwithstanding.
"_Persons having
grants to enter on desertion of the Indians_.--3.
Provided, always,
That it shall and may be lawful for any person or
persons that have
formerly obtained any grant or grants, under the Lord's
proprietors, for
any tract or parcels of lands within the aforesaid
boundaries, upon
the said Indians deserting or leaving the said lands, to
enter, occupy and
enjoy the same according to the tenor of their several
grants.
"_Indians not to
pay quitrents_.--4. And be it further enacted by
the authority
aforesaid, That it shall not nor may be lawful for the
Lord
Granville's
receiver to ask, have or demand any quitrents for any of
the
said tracts or
parcels of land taken up within the said Indian
boundaries, as
aforesaid, until such time when the Indians have deserted
the same and the
patentee be in possession thereof, and only for such
rents as shall from
thence arise and become due, any law, usage or custom
to the contrary
notwithstanding.
"_Penalty on
persons purchasing lands of the Indians_.--5. And be it
further enacted by
the authority aforesaid, That no person, for any
consideration
whatsoever, shall purchase or buy any tract or parcel of
land claimed or in
possession of any Indian or Indians, but all such
bargains and sales
shall be, and are hereby declared to be null and void,
and of no effect;
and the person so purchasing or buying any land of any
Indian or Indians
shall further forfeit the sum of ten pounds,
proclamation money,
for every hundred acres by him purchased and bought,
one-half to the use
of the public, the other half to him or them that
shall sue for the
same, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint
or information, in
any court of record within this Government, wherein no
possession,
protection, injunction or wager of law shall be allowed or
admitted
of.
"_Persons settled
on the Indian lands to remove, and no others to
settle there under
a penalty_.--6. And be it further enacted by the
authority
aforesaid, That all and every person and persons, other
than
the said Indians
who are now dwelling on any of the lands within the
bounds above
mentioned to have been allotted, laid out and prescribed
to
the said Tuscarora
Indians, shall, on or before the twenty-fifth day of
March next ensuing
the ratification of this act, remove him or herself
and family off the
said lands, under the penalty of twenty pounds,
proclamation money;
and if any shall neglect or refuse to move him or
herself and family
off the said lands, on or before the said twenty-fifth
day of March next,
and if any person or persons, other than the said
Indians, shall
hereafter presume to settle, inhabit or occupy any of the
said lands hereby
allotted and assigned for the said Tuscarora Indians,
such person or
persons shall forfeit the further penalty of twenty
shillings,
proclamation money, for each and every day he, she or they
shall inhabit or
occupy any lands within the said Indian bounds after the
said twenty-fifth
day of March next, the said penalties to be recovered
and applied in the
same manner as the penalty in this act above
mentioned.
"_Surveyor's fee
for laying out the Indians' lands_.--7. And
whereas, The said
lands belonging to the said Tuscarora Indians have been
lately laid out and
newly marked by George Goulde, Esq., Surveyor
General, at the
request of the said Indians; therefore, be it enacted,
that the said
George Goulde, Esq., have and receive for the trouble and
expense he hath
been at in laying out and marking the Indians' lands
aforesaid, the sum
of twenty-five pounds, proclamation money, to be paid
by the public, out
of moneys in the public treasury.
"_Penalty of
persons ranging stock on the Indians' lands_.--8. And
whereas, the
Indians complain of injuries received from people driving
stock, horses,
cattle and hogs, to range on their lands, for remedy
thereof, Be it
enacted, That persons driving stock to range, or stock
actually ranging on
the Indians' lands, shall, and are hereby declared,
to be liable and
subject to the like penalties and forfeitures, and may
be proceeded
against in the same manner, and subject to the same
recoveries, as by
the law of this province stock driven or ranging upon
any white people's
land are liable and subject to; and the said Indians
shall and may enjoy
the benefit of the laws in that case made and
provided, in the
same manner as the white people do or can, any law,
usage, or custom,
to the contrary notwithstanding."
LAWS OF NORTH
CAROLINA. A. D. 1878, CHAPTER 136, PAGE 359, VOL. I. BY
POTTER, TAYLOR
& YANCEY.
"An Act for
quieting and securing the Tuscarora Indians, and others
claiming under the
Tuscaroras, in the possession of their lands.
"_Indian lands
secured to the Indians_.--1. Be it enacted, &c., That
Whitmell Tuffdeck,
Chief or head man of the Tuscarora nation, and the
Tuscarora Indians
now living in the county of Birtie, shall have, hold,
occupy, possess and
enjoy, all the lands lying in the county of Birtie
aforesaid, whereof
they are now seized and possessed, being part of the
lands heretofore
alotted to the Indians aforesaid by solemn treaty, and
confirmed to them
and their successors by act of assembly, in the year
one thousand seven
hundred and forty-eight, without let, molestation or
hindrance, clear of
all quit-rents, or any public demands by way of tax
whatever, to them
the said Tuscarora Indians, and their heirs and
successors: and
that they, the said Tuscaroras, and their heirs and
successors, shall
forever be clear and exempt from every kind of poll
tax.
"_No purchases to
be made of the Indians, nor their lands
cultivated_.--2.
And whereas, the said Tuscarora Indians, by nature
ignorant, and
strongly addicted to drinking, may be easily imposed on by
designing persons,
and unwarily deprived of their said lands: Be it
enacted. That no
person, for any consideration whatever, shall hereafter
purchase, buy or
lease, any tract or parcel of land now claimed by, or in
possession of the
said Tuscarora Indians, or any of theirs; nor shall any
person settle on or
cultivate the said lands, or any part thereof, in his
own right, or under
pretence as acting as overseer for the Indians: and
if any person shall
hereafter purchase, buy or lease lands of the said
Indians, or settle
on or cultivate any part thereof in his own right or
as overseer for the
Indians, all such purchases, sales, leases or
agreements shall be
and they are hereby declared null and void; and the
person so
purchasing buying or leasing, settling on or cultivating
such
lands, or any part
thereof, shall forfeit and pay the sum of three
hundred pounds
current money for every hundred acres by him so purchased,
bought or leased,
settled on or cultivated as aforesaid, one-half to the
use of the
Tuscarora Indians, the other to the use of him or her who
shall sue for the
same: to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint
or information in
any court having cognizance thereof. Provided that the
said Tuscarora
Indians may sell or dispose of their lands or any part
thereof, with the
consent of the general assembly first had and obtained.
"_Former purchases
from the Indians under the sanction of the Assembly,
secured_.--3. And
whereas, the chieftains and head men of the
Tuscarora Indians
living in the county, did, on the twelfth day of July,
in the year one
thousand seven hundred and sixty-six, for the
consideration of
fifteen hundred pounds to them paid by Robert Jones,
Jun., William
Williams and Thomas Pugh, by indenture under their hands
and seals, demise,
grant and to farm let, unto the said Robert Jones,
William Williams
and Thomas Pugh, a certain tract of land lying in the
county aforesaid,
containing about eight thousand acres, more or less,
bounded as follows,
to wit: Beginning at the mouth of Deep creek,
otherwise called
Falling Run; thence running up the said creek to the
Indian head line:
thence by the said line south seventeen degrees east,
twelve hundred and
eighty poles: thence on a course parallel with the
general current of
the said creek to the Roanoke river and then up the
river to the
beginning, together with the appurtenances thereto
belonging, to be
held and enjoyed by the said Robert Jones, William
Williams and Thomas
Pugh their executors, administrators and assigns in
serveralty for and
during the term of one hundred and fifty years as may
more fully appear
by the said indenture, registered in the count of
Birtie aforesaid
and ratified by act of Assembly, passed at Newbern, in
the year one
thousand seven hundred and sixty-six: Be it enacted, That
each and every of
the persons entitled to claims under the demise
aforementioned, or
by grants from the persons claiming under the same, or
either of them, and
their heirs and assigns, shall and may have, hold,
occupy, possess and
enjoy the several shares, dividends or parcels of the
said land to them
belonging, in as full, free and absolute manner, and
with the same legal
privileges and advantages in every respect, and
subject to the same
taxes as if the said land had been originally granted
to the said Robert
Jones, William Williams and Thomas Pugh by Lord
Granville or by
this State.
"_Regulations in
regard to former demises_.--4. And whereas, the
said Tuscarora
Indians, for good and sufficient reasons, and for valuable
consideration,
have, since the twelfth day of July, one thousand seven
hundred and
sixty-six, and previous to the first day of December last,
demised, granted
and to farm let sundry tracts or parcels of land lying
in said county of
Birtie to sundry persons, as by indentures duly
executed may more
fully appear: Be it enacted. That all the land
contained in the
last mentioned demises, if the said demises were fairly,
_bona fide_ and
without fraud, made by and obtained from the said
Tuscarora Indians
since the year one thousand seven hundred and sixty-
six, and previous
to the first day of December last past, shall not be
deemed vacant
lands, or be liable to be entered as such in the Land
Office, unless the
General Assembly shall hereafter so direct, but
nevertheless shall
be subject to the same taxes as other lands in this
State are liable
to.
"_Method of trial
for demises alleged to have been unfairly
obtained_.--5. And
whereas, it is suggested by the Tuscarora Indians,
that unfair
dealings have been used in obtaining one or more of the
demises
aforementioned, and that they, the said Indians have at
present
no mode of
obtaining redress in such cases. Be it therefore enacted,
that
the commissioners
herein mentioned or a majority of them, shall and may,
upon complaint of
the said Tuscarora Indians, in court or meeting
assembled, that a
person or persons has or have unfairly or fraudulently
obtained any grant
or demise for lands to them belonging since the year
one thousand seven
hundred and sixty-six, and previous to the first day
of December last,
summon the person or persons so complained against, or
cause him or them
to be summoned to appear before them on a certain day
on the land in
dispute (giving at best ten days' notice previous to the
day in such summons
appointed), then and there to answer the complaint of
the Indians for
having fraudulently or unfairly obtained a grant or
demise of the land
in question; and shall also summon, or cause to be
summoned, a jury of
twelve men, being freeholders in the county of Birtie
and not resident on
or owners of any lands purchased of the said
Tuscarora Indians;
and the said commissioners, or a majority of them,
shall attend at the
time and place appointed, with the jury aforesaid,
and having first
sworn the jury to try and determine fairly between the
said Indians and
the person or persons complained against, shall and may
cause witnesses to
be examined on both sides, receive the verdict of the
jury and return the
same, with the panel, to the next County Court of the
said county of
Birtie, to be entered upon the record; and such verdict
shall be as good
and effectual as if obtained in any court of record; and
if the same be
general the said commissioners, or a majority of them,
shall and may
appoint one or more persons to carry the same into
execution; but if
special, then the court shall decide thereon, and cause
the Sheriff of the
county to carry such decision into execution.
"_Commissioners for
Indian affairs_.--6. And whereas the said
Indians are often
injured by horses, cattle and hogs, driven on their
lands by white
people, the said horses, cattle and hogs breaking into the
enclosure and
distroying their corn and other effects, and are also
frequently deprived
of their property, and abuses by ill disposed
persons; for remedy
whereof, and also for recovery of suits or demands
now due, or which
may hereafter become due and owing to the said
Tuscarora Indians;
Be it enacted, that William Williams, Thomas Pugh,
Willie Jones, Simon
Turner and Zedekiah Stone, be, and they are hereby
appointed
commissioners for the said Indians, and they, or any three
of
them, shall and may
inquire into the complaints made by the said Indians,
summon the persons
complained against, before them, and award such
restitution and
redress as to them shall seem just and necessary; and may
appoint an Officer
or Officers to serve subpoena as, and to execute such
awards and
determinations as they shall or may make in regard of the
premises; and the
court of said county of Birtie, is hereby authorized
and required to
fill up, from time to time, by new appointments any
vacancies which may
happen among the commissioners by death or
resignations; and
upon complaint of the chiefs or head men of the nation,
and the rest of the
Indians, in court or meeting properly assembled,
against any of the
commissioners for misbehavior, may inquire into the
conduct of the
person or persons complained against, remove him or them
if necessary, and
appoint another or others in his or their stead.
"_Reversion of
Indian lands_.--7. And be it further enacted, that
the lands leased by
the said Tuscarora Indians to Robert Jones, Jr.,
William Williams
and Thomas Pugh, and to other persons, shall revert and
become the property
of the State, at the expiration of the terms of the
several leases
mentioned, if the said nation be extinct; and the lands
now belonging to,
and possessed by the said Tuscaroras, shall revert to
and become the
property of the State, whenever the said nation shall
become extinct, or
shall entirely abandon or remove themselves off the
said lands, and
every part thereof. Provided, that no person shall have
any preference of
entry to any of the said lands by virtue of any lease
or occupancy
whatever, since December, one thousand seven hundred and
seventy-six,
whenever the general assembly shall declare the said lands
to be
vacant."
Read three times
and ratified in general assembly, the 2d day of May, A.
D.
1778.
Signed
by
WHITMILL HILL, S.
S.
THOMAS BENBURY, S.
C.
LAWS OF NORTH
CAROLINA, A. D. 1780, CHAPTER 167. PAGE 406, VOL. I, BY
POTTER, TAYLOR
& YANCEY.
"An Act to amend an
act, entitled an act for quieting and securing the
Tuscarora Indians,
and others claiming under the Tuscaroras, in the
possession of their
lands.
"1. Whereas, By the
said act there is no penalty imposed on the jurors or
witnesses duly
summoned, and failing to attend.
"_Attendance of
Jurors_.--2. Be it enacted, &c., That the
commissioners by
the said act appointed, or any three of them, assembled
for the purpose of
holding a court, shall, and may inflict fines on
jurors or witnesses
so failing to attend, not exceeding one hundred
pounds, at their
discretion; and unless sufficient excuse be to them
afterwards shown,
cause the same to be levied and applied towards
defraying the
county expenses of Birtie; and witnesses and jurors who
shall attend on the
trial of any dispute between the said Tuscaroras and
others, shall have
and receive ten dollars per day for their attendance,
to be paid by the
party cost with all other cost: and such trials may
hereafter be had on
the part of the lands belonging to said Tuscaroras,
Birtie County,
which commissioners shall direct."
Read three times
and ratified in general assembly, the 10th day of May,
A. D.
1780.
Signed
by
ALEX. MARTIN, S.
S.
THOMAS BENBURY. S.
C.
* * * *
*
LAWS OF NORTH
CAROLINA, A. D. 1801, CHAPTER 608, PAGE 965, VOL. 2, BY
POTTER, TAYLOR
& YANCEY.
"James Turner,
Esq., Governor.
"At the general
assembly begun and held at Raleigh, on the fifteenth day
of
November, in the
year of our lord one thousand eight hundred and two, and
in the
thirty-seventh year of the independence of said State.
"An Act for the
relief of the Tuscarora Nation of Indians.
"Whereas, the
Indians composing the Tuscarora nation, have, by their
chief Sacarrissa,
and others, regularly deputed and authorized, requested
the concurrence of
the general assembly of this State, to enable them to
lease or demise,
for a number of years, the residue of their lands
situated in the
county of Birtie, in such a manner that the whole of the
said leases shall
terminate at the same period.
"_Chiefs authorized
to lease their lands_.--1. Be it enacted, &c.,
That the said
chiefs Sacarrissa, Longboard and Samuel Smith, or a
majority of them,
be and they are hereby authorized to lease and to farm
let the undemised
residue of the lands allotted to the Tuscarora Nation
in Birtie County,
for a term of years that shall expire and end when the
lease made by the
Tuscarora Nation to Robert Jones and others, in the
year of our Lord
one thousand seven hundred and sixty-six, shall end and
expire; and also
extend the term or terms of the leases already made or
granted for a
shorter term, to a term or terms which shall expire at the
same time with the
said lease made in the year one thousand seven hundred
and sixty-six, in
such parcels and on such rents and conditions as may be
approved by the
commissioners appointed in pursuance of this act and
which may best
promote the interest and convenience of the said Indian
nation.
"And, whereas, some
difficulties have arisen respecting the receipt and
payment on the
rents of some of the present leases.
"_To make
alterations with respect to rents_.--2. Be it further
enacted, That the
said chiefs, or a majority of them, be, and they arc
hereby authorised
to make such alterations, by covenant and agreement,
respecting the
payment and receipt of any rents due, or that may become
due on any of the
existing leases, as the commissioners appointed in
pursuance of this
act, or a majority of them shall approve.
"Whereas, the said
Indian chiefs are ignorant of the usual forms of
business, and may
want advice and assistance in transacting the business
respecting their
lands, for remedy whereof and to prevent their being
injured.
"_Governor to
appoint three commissioners to carry this act into
effect_.--3. Be it
further enacted, That the Governor shall appoint
three commissioners
for the purpose of carrying the provisions of this
act into effect;
and no lease, grant, demise, covenant or agreement made
by the said Indian
chiefs as aforesaid, respecting said lands, or the
rents thereof,
shall be good or valid in law, unless the same shall be
approved by the
said commissioners, or a majority of them, and such
approbation shall
be expressed in writing and annexed or endorsed on such
lease, covenant or
agreement, and registered in the Register's Office in
the county of
Birtie, together with said lease or agreement; and the
said
commissioners shall
receive the sum of twenty shillings per day for their
compensation and
expenses, to be paid out of the monies received by the
said chiefs on
leasing said lands.
"_Possessions of
the tenants to be deemed the possessions of the
Tuscarora
Indians_.--4. And be it further enacted. That the
occupancy
and possession of
the tenants under the said lease, heretofore confirmed
by act or acts of
the general assembly, and such leases as may be made
under this act,
shall be held and deemed in all cases whatsoever, the
occupancy and
possession of the said Tuscarora Nation, to all intents
and
purposes, as if
said nation, or the Indians thereof, or any of them,
actually resided on
said lands.
"Whereas, The said
chiefs, Sacarrissa, Longboard, and Samuel Smith, being
duly and freely
authorized and empowered by the said Tuscarora Nation,
have consented that
the Indians' claim to the use, possession, and
occupancy of said
lands shall cease and be extinguished, when the said
lease made in the
year one thousand seven hundred seventy-six, to Robert
Jones and others,
shall expire.
"_The land to
revert to the state_.--5. Be it enacted, That from and
after the twelfth
day of July, which shall be in the year One Thousand
nine and sixteen,
the whole of the lands alloted to the said Tuscarora
Indians, by act of
General Assembly passed at Newbern, on the fifteenth
day of October, in
the year of our Lord One Thousand seven hundred and
forty eight, shall
revert to, and become the property of the state, and
the claim thereto,
from that time, be held, and deemed forever
extinguished.
"_If any of the
lands be vacant it is not to be entered but by an
express act_.--6.
And be further enacted, After the said lands shall
revert to the
State, if the same or any part thereto, shall be vacant,
the same shall not
be liable to the entry or entries of any person or
persons, without an
express act of the legislation to that effect;
Provided always,
That it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to
make any entry or
entries on the said lands, after the passing of this
act. Provided
always, That nothing in this act contained shall be
construed so as to
effect the title of any individual; Provided
nevertheless, That
no lot or parcel of lands laid off under the direction
of said
commissioners, shall exceed two hundred acres; And
Provided
further, That no
lease shall be made but by public auction, of which due
notice shall be
given in the Halifax and Edenton newspapers."
* * * *
*
ACTS OF ASSEMBLY
FROM 1821 TO 1825, PAGE 13, CHAPTER 13, STATE LIBRARY.
"An act concerning
the lands held under leases from the Tuscarora tribe
of
Indians.
"Whereas it is
represented to this General Assembly, in behalf of persons
holding lands under
leases, for a long term of years from the Tuscarora
tribe of Indians,
that they are subject to great inconveniences from
their estates being
mere cattle interest: For remedy whereof,
"Be it enacted by
the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina,
and it is hereby
enacted by the authority of the same.
"That the estates
in lands now held by certain individuals, under leases
for a term of years
from the Tuscarora tribe of Indians, made in
pursuance of
certain acts of the General Assembly of this State, shall
be
hereafter
considered real estate; shall decend to, and be devided
among
the heirs of any
intestate, subject to dower and tenancy by courtesy, and
other incidents to
real estate, and its liabilitiy to execution, and its
conveyance and
devise, shall be governed by the same rules as are now
prescribed in the
case of real estate held in fee simple; Provided that
nothing herein
contained, shall be so construed as to give to the
individuals holding
the said term of years, a right to enjoy the same for
a longer period
than is designated in the leases executed by the
Tuscarora Indians,
in pursurance of acts of the General Assembly of this
state, nor as to
give to said individuals any right which by the
constitution of
this state, is exclusively confirmed to the freeholders."
* * * *
*
LAWS OF NORTH
CAROLINA FROM 1827 TO 1831, PAGE II, VOL. I, CHAPTER XIX,
IN STATE LIBRARY.
ACT OF NOV. 17TH, 1828.
"An act concerning
the lands formerly occupied by the Tuscarora tribe of
Indians lying in
Bertie County, on the north side of Roanoke river.
"Whereas the
Tuscarora Indians have for more than a century been the
firm
and undividing
friends of the white people of this country, insomuch that
the people of North
Carolina not only render to them full and complete
Justice, but also
to exercise towards them that spirit of generosity
which their conduct
has merrited: Therefore,
"I. Be it enacted
by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina,
and is hereby
enacted by the authority of the same, that William R.
Smith
of Halifax, Simon
J. Barker, of Martin and William Brittin of Bertie, be,
and they are hereby
appointed commissioners for the purpose of
advertising and
selling in manner hereinafter directed, the above named
tract of land
bounded as follows, to wit: beginning at the mouth of
Quitsnoy swamp;
running up the swamp 430 poles to a scrubby oak, near the
head of said swamp
by a great spring; thence north 10 degrees east 850
poles, to a
persimmon tree, on Raquis Swamp; thence along the swamp
and
Pocasin main course
north 57 degrees west 2,640 poles, to a hickory on
the east side of
Falling Run on Deep Creek, and down the various courses
of said Run to
Roanoke River; then down the river to the first station.
"II. And be it
further enacted, That the title so to be sold by said
commissioners shall
be understood to extend only to the reversion of the
State in said lands
after the expiration of the lease from the Indians,
under which they
are now held, and after the ratification of this act,
and notice thereof
to the commissioners, it shall be their duty to
proceed forthwith
to advertise in the newspapers most convenient to the
premises, and also
in five of the most public places in the counties of
Bertie, Halifax and
Martin, including the court houses in said counties,
that a sale of said
lands, according to the provisions of this act, will
take place on
Tuesday of the ensuing March term of the Superior Court of
Birtie county, that
is, on the 17th day of March next; and it shall be
the duty of the
said commissioners to attend to the aforesaid time and
place, and offer in
the court house yard, at public sale to the highest
bidder, the said
lands, according to advertisement, subject however to
the lease
aforesaid, and the commissioners shall have power to
continue
or postpone the
sale from day to day until the end of the week, and
should they, by
unavoidable accident or otherwise be prevented from
selling all or any
part of the lands during the same week, it shall be
their duty to
advertise in like manner, for two months next preceding
the
following September
term of the Bertie court, and to sell at said term,
as is heretofore
directed, at the March term, and said commissioners
shall be empowered
to put up said lands in such parcels as they may deem
most advantageous
for selling, and that they shall give the purchasers a
credit of twelve
months on one-half the purchase money, and a credit of
twelve months on
the other half; Provided always, that the purchaser
shall deliver to
the commissioners bonds with good and sufficient
security for the
same, payable to the Governor of the State.
"III. And be it
further enacted, That should the commissioners upon
offering said lands
as aforesaid perceive that they were likely to be
sacrificed, or to
sell for an amount greatly below their value, it shall
be their duty
forthwith to discontinue the sale, and it shall be the
duty
of the
commissioners after making sale, or if no sale be made,
immediately after
September next to make report to the public Treasurer
of the State of all
such proceedings that they may have had under this
act and also to
hand over to him all such bonds as they may have taken
from purchasers;
and it shall be the duty of the Secretary of State, upon
a certificate from
the Treasurer of payment of the purchase money and a
certificate from
the commissioners of the boundaries of the land so
purchased, to grant
a title of release from the State of North Carolina
to such persons as
may be reported purchasers by said commissioners under
the act of
Assembly.
"IV. And be it
further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the public
Treasurer to
collect the money on said lands when they shall become due
and hold the same
subject to the order of the Tuscarora tribe of Indians;
and whenever such
order shall be presented, properly and duly
authenticated, by
said tribe or nation of Indians, it shall be his duty
to pay the same
over accordingly; Provided always that upon paying such
monies, the Public
Treasurer shall take from said Indians or agents, a
full and complete
release of all such claim, pretence of title, as they
now make or ever
may have to the aforesaid tract of lands.
"V. And be it
further enacted, That the commissioners shall be allowed
each the sum of
three dollars for every day that they shall necessarily
be employed in
examining said lands, or in attending the sale of same, to
be paid out of the
funds arising from the sale.
"VI. Be it further
enacted, That if it should appear at any time
thereafter that the
said Indians have parted with their claims, or
contracted for the
same, so that in fact the benefit of the sale shall,
agreeable to the
provisions of this act, revert to the State."
Governor John Owen,
Esq., appointed as commissioners, William R. Smith,
of Halifax; Simon
J. Baker, of Martin; and William Brittain, of Birtie;
to sell the
Tuscarora lands in pursuance to the lease effected by the
help of the General
Assembly, Nov. 17, 1823, of which they reported to
William Roberts,
Public Treasurer--in bonds the sum of $2977.87, payable
in installments of
one and two years from the 17th day of March, 1829,
which are on file
in the Public Treasurer's Office. And on Nov. 21, 1831,
William S. Mahon,
the Public Treasarer, re-reported cash in bonds for
sale of Tuscarora
lands--
Principle...............................
$1400.27.
Interest................................ 30.74.
Total...................................
$1431.01.
Another report of
the same man January, 1832, that all has been
collected, and
remains in the treasury, subject to the order of the
Indians.
$3,220.71-1/4.
Paid on May 3ist,
1831, and found on file.
"For this amount
paid Bates Cooke, being their agent to receive the same
under the Act of
Assembly of 1828, $3,220.71-1/4."
In about the year
1818, the New York Indians, (which includes the
Tuscaroras), were
engaged in a stipulation, to buy a tract of land from
the Menomonees and
Winnebagoes, which was questioned in Congress about
the validity of a
contract on purchases of lands between Indian nations.
But Congress did
concur in the stipulation made between the New York
Indians of the
first part, and the Menomonees and Winnebagoes of the
second part, for
lands lying in Green Bay, Wisconsin, bought and paid for
by the former
according to the stipulation concluded in the year 1822.
For the payment of
the said land above, I can only speak for the
Tuscaroras. The
precise amount paid I am unable to state. But a tax was
made on the nation;
children paid twenty-five cents each, adults paid
more according to
their ability; the amount obtained in this way I am
unable to state.
They also gave their annuities of two years, which they
drew from the
government, and also two hundred dollars in money which
they loaned from
the Oneida Indians (which they afterwards refunded).
All those goods and
moneys were paid to the Menomonees and Winnebagoes,
as their part of
the Green Bay lands. These facts I obtained of the widow
of Jonathan
Printup, an honorable chief of the Tuscarara nation, by
whom
was entrusted with
the goods and money for the payment of said lands,
which he faithfully
performed, and was accompanied as delegates by Dr.
John Patterson and
James Cusick, who were appointed to the honorable
office of
purchasing a tract of land for a future home of their people.
I
am indebted to the
widow of Dr. John Patterson, and also his brother
Harry, for
information which corroborates with that of the widow
above
mentioned, and also
of other old people.
In a short time
afterwards, the Menomonees denied the contract in various
ways, they denied
the efficiency of the Chiefs who signed the treaty, and
also denied of
having received any payment, and also denied the boundary
of the land ceded.
This naturally created difficulty and discord between
them, and kept
growing worse from year to year. But the Winebagoes never
denied any of the
denials of the Menomonees.
In a treaty of the
United States and the Menomonees and Winebagoes, of
Feb. 6th, 1826, in
Article 8th, it was acknowledged that there existed
some uncertainty in
consequence of the cession made by the tribes upon
Fox River and Green
Bay, to the New York Indians. Finally the Menomonees
made their
complaint before the President, concerning the New York
Indians, which has
reference to the case, in the treaty by the United
States, with the
several tribes of Green Bay on Feb. 23rd, 1829, in
Article 2nd, which
read as follows, viz:
"Much difficulty
having arising from the negotiations between the
Menomonees and
Winebago tribes and the various tribes and portions of
tribes of Indian of
the State of New York, and the claims of the
respective parties
being much contested, as well with relation to the
tenure and
boundaries of the two tracts claimed by the New York
Indians,
west of Lake
Michigan, as to the authority of the persons who signed
the
agreement on the
part of the Monomonees, and the whole subject having
been fully examined
at the council this day concluded, and the
allegations,
proofs, and statements of the respective parties having
been
entered upon the
Journal of the commissioners, so that the same can be
decided by the
President of the United States, it is agreed by the
Monomonees and
Winebagoes, that so far as respects their interests in the
premises, the whole
matter shall be referred to the President of the
United States,
whose decision shall be final. And the President is
authorized, on the
parts, to establish such boundaries between them and
the New York
Indians as he may consider equitable and just."
And also in the
treaty of Feb. 8th, 1838, we find, in enumerating the
several reasons for
effecting a treaty at the above date, the following,
commencing at line
20,928, in the Revision of Indian Treaties, viz: "as
well as for the
purpose of settling the long existing dispute between
themselves, and the
several tribes of the New York Indians, who claim to
have purchased a
portion of their lands, the undersigned, Chiefs and head
men of the
Menomenees tribe, stipulate and agree with the United
States
as
follows:
"First. The
Menomonee tribe of Indians declare themselves the friend
and
allies of the
United States, under whos parental care and protection
they
desire to continue;
and although always protesting that they are under no
obligation to
recognize any claim of the New York Indians to any
portions
of their country;
that they neither sold nor received any value for the
land claimed by
these tribes, yet at the solicitation of their Great
Father, the
President of the United States, and as an evidence of
their
great love and
veneration for him, they agree that such a part of the
land described,
being within the following boundaries, as he may direct,
may be set apart as
homes for the several tribes of the New York Indians,
who may remove to
and settle upon the same within three years from the
date of this
agreement, &c." Commencing at line 20,970, the President
of
the United States
is hereby empowered to apportion the lands among the
actual occupants at
that time, so as not to assign to any tribe a greater
number of acres
than may be equal to one hundred for each soul actually
settled upon the
lands, and if, at any time of such apportionment any
lands shall remain
unoccupied by any tribes of the New York Indians, such
portion as would
have belonged to said Indians, had it been occupied,
shall revert to the
United States. That portion, if any, so reverting to
be laid off by the
President of the United States. It is destinctly
understood that the
lands hereby ceded to the United States for the New
York Indians are to
be held by those tribes, under such tenure as the
Menomonee Indians
now hold their lands, subject to such regulations and
alternation of
tenure as Congress and the President of the United States
shall from time to
time think proper to adopt.
"Second. For the
above cession the United States for the benefit of the
New York Indians,
the United States consent to pay the Menomonee Indians
twenty Thousand
Dollars, &c.
"Also commencing at
line 21,118, Article 6th, the Menomonee Chiefs request
that such part of
it as relates to the New York Indians be immediately
submmitted to the
representatives of their tribes, and if they refuse to
accept the
provision made for their benefit and to remove upon the
lands
set apart for them,
on the west side of Fox River, that they will direct
their immediate
removal from the Menomonee county, but if they agree to
accept the liberal
offer made to them by parties of this compact, then
the Menomonee
tribe, as dutiful children of the Great Father, the
President, will
take them by the hand as brothers, and settle down with
them in peace and
friendship."
SUPPLEMENTARY
ARTICLES.
First. It is agreed
between the undersigned, commissioners on behalf of
the United States
and the chiefs and warriors representing the Menomonee
tribe of Indians,
that for the reasons above expressed, such part of the
first Article of
the agreement entered into between the parties hereto,
on the 8th instant,
as limits the removal and settlement of the New York
Indians upon the
lands therein provided for their future homes, three
years, shall be
altered and amended so as to read as follows: That the
President of the
United States shall prescribe the time for the removal
and settlement of
the New York Indians upon the lands thus provided for
them; and at the
expiration of such reasonable time, he shall apportion
the lands among the
actual settlers in such manner as he shall deem
equitable and just.
And if, within such reasonable time as the President
of the United
States shall prescribe for that purpose, the New York
Indians shall
refuse to accept the provisions made for their benefit,
or,
having agreed,
shall neglect or refuse to remove from New York, and
settle on the said
lands, within the time prescribed for that purpose,
that then, and in
either of these events, the lands aforesaid shall be
and remain in the
property of the United States, according to the said
first article,
excepting so much thereof as the President shall deem
justly due to such
of the New York Indians as shall actually have removed
to and settled on
the said lands.
"Second, It is
further agreed that the part of the Sixth Article of the
agreement
aforesaid, which requires the removal of those of the New
York
Indians who may not
be settled on the lands at the end of three years,
shall be so amended
as to leave such removal discretionary with the
President of the
United States; the Menomonee Indians having full
confidence that in
making his decision he will take into consideration
the welfare and
prosperity of their nation: Provided, That for the
purpose of
establishing the rights of the New York Indians upon a
permanent and just
footing, the said treaty shall be ratified with the
express
understanding that two townships of land," &c. which goes on
and
locates the
different portion of lands to the several tribes or bands
of
the New York
Indians which was proclaimed, July 9, 1832.
"Whereas articles
of agreement between the United States of America, and
the Menononee
Indians, were made and concluded at the city of
Washington,
on the 8th day of
February A. D. 1831, by John H. Eaton, and Samuel C.
Stambaugh,
commissioners on the part of the United States, and
certain
Chiefs and headmen
of the Menomonee nation, on the part of the said
nation; to which
articles an addition or supplemental article was
afterwards made, on
the 17th day of February, in the same year, by which
the said Menomonee
nation agree to cede to the United States certain
parts of their
lands: and that a tract of country therein defined, shall
be set apart for
the New York Indians; all which, with the many other
stipulations
therein contained, will more fully appear by reference to
the same. When said
agreement thus forming a treaty, were laid before the
Senate of the
United States, during their then session, but were not at
said session acted
on by that body. Whereupon a further agreement was on
the fifteenth day
of March, in the same year, entered into for the
purpose of
preserving the provisions of the treaty made as aforesaid;
by
which it is
stipulated that the said articles of agreement concluded
as
aforesaid, should
be laid before the next Senate of the United States at
their ensuing
session, and if sanctioned and confirmed by them, that
each
and every article
threof should be as binding and obligatory upon the
parties
respectively as if they had been sanctioned at the
previous
session; and
whereas, The Senate of the United States, by their
resolution of the
twenty fifth day of June, 1832, did advise and consent
to accept, ratify,
and confirm the same, and every clause and article
thereof, upon the
conditions expressed in the proviso contained in their
said resolution,
which proviso is as follows: Provided, That for the
purpose of
establishing the right of the New York Indians on a
permanent
and just footing,
the said treaty shall be ratified, with the express
understanding that
two townships of land, &c.," as in article second
above.
"Whereas, Before
the treaty aforesaid, conditionally ratified, according
to the proviso to
the said resolution of the Senate, above recited, could
be obligatory upon
the said Menomomee nation, their assent to the same
must be had and
obtained." Which was done after some modifications
respecting the
location of the portion of land for the New York Indians.
And as the
modifications so made and desired, was acceded to also by
the
New York Indians,
which was as follows:
"To all to whom
these presents shall come, the undersigned chiefs and
head men of the
sundry tribes of the New York Indians (as set forth in
the specifications
annexed to their signatures), send greeting:
"Whereas, a
tedious, perplexing and harassing dispute and controversy
have long existed
between the Menomonee Nation of Indians and the New
York Indians, more
particularly those known as the Stockbridge, Munsee
and Brothertown
tribes, the Six Nations and the St. Regis tribe. The
treaty made between
the said Menomonee Nation and the United States, and
the conditional
ratification thereof by the Senate of the United States
being stated and
set forth in the within agreement, entered into between
the chiefs and head
men of the said Menomonee, and George B. Porter,
Governor of
Michigan, commissioners specially appointed, with
instructions
referred to in the said agreement.
"And whereas, the
undersigned are satisfied and believe that the best
efforts of the said
commissioners were directed and used to procure, if
practicable, the
unconditional assent of the said Menomonees to the
change proposed by
the Senate of the United States in the ratification of
the said treaty,
but without success.
"And whereas, the
undersigned, further believe that the terms stated in
the within
agreement are the best practicable terms short of those
proposed by the
Senate of the United States, which could be obtained from
the said
Menomonees; and being asked to signify our acceptance of
the
modifications
proposed, as aforesaid, by the Menomonees, we are
compelled
by a sense of duty
and propriety to say that we do hereby accept of the
same. So far as the
tribes to which we belong are concerned, we are
perfectly satisfied
that the treaty should be ratified on the terms
proposed by the
Menomonees. We further believe that the tract of land
which the
Menomonees in the within agreement are willing to cede, in
exchange for an
equal quantity on the northeast side of the tract of five
hundred thousand
acres, contains a sufficient quantity of good land,
favorably and
advantageously situated, to answer all the wants of the
New
York Indians and
St. Regis tribe. For the purpose, then, of putting an
end to strife, and
that we may sit down in peace and harmony, we thus
signify by our
acceptance of the modifications proposed by the
Menomonees; and we
most respectfully request that the treaty as now
modified by the
agreement this day entered into with the Menomonees, may
be ratified and
approved by the President and Senate of the United
States.
"Proclaimed March
13th, 1835."
TREATIES OF NEW
YORK INDIANS.
Treaty with the New
York Indians as amended by the Senate, and assented
to
by the several
Tribes 1838.
Articles of a
treaty made and concluded at Buffalo Creek, in the State
of
New York, the
fifteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight
hundred and thirty-eight, by Ransom H. Gillett, a
commissioner on the
part of the United States, and the chiefs, head men
and warriors of the
several tribes of the New York Indians, assembled in
council;
witnesseth;
"Whereas, The Six
Nations of New York Indians, not long after the close
of the war of the
Revolution, became convinced, from the rapid increase
of the white
settlers around, that the time was not far distant when
their true interest
must lead them to seek a new home among their
brethren in the
West: and,
"Whereas, This
subject was agitated in a general council of the Six
Nations as early as
1810, and resulted in sending a memorial to the
President of the
United States, inquiring whether the Government would
consent to their
tearing their habitations, and removing into the
neighborhood of
their western brethren, and if they could procure a home
there, by gift or
purchase, whether the Government would acknowledge
their title to the
lands so obtained in the same manner it had
acknowledged it in
those from whom they might receive it; and further,
whether the
existing treaties would in such a case remain in full
force,
and their annuities
be paid as heretofore: and,
"Whereas, With the
approbation of the President of the United States,
purchases were made
by the New York Indians from the Menomonees and
Winnebago Indians
of certain lands at Green Bay, in the Territory of
Wisconsin, which,
after much difficulty and contention with those Indians
concerning the
extent of the purchase, the whole subject was finally
settled by a treaty
between the United States and the Menomonee Indians,
concluded in
February, 1831, to which the New York Indians gave their
assent on the
seventeenth day of October, 1832: and
"Whereas, By a
provision of that treaty, five hundred thousand acres of
land are secured to
the New York Indians of the Six Nations and the St.
Regis tribe, as a
future home, on the condition that they all remove to
the same within
three years, or such reasonable time as the President
shall prescribe,
and
"Whereas, The
President is satisfied that various considerations have
prevented those
still residing in New York from removing to Green Bay,
and among other
reasons, that many who were in favor of emigration
preferred to remove
at once to the Indian Territory; which they were
fully persuaded was
the only permanent and peaceable home for all the
Indians. And they
therefore applied to take their Green Bay lands and
provide them a new
home among their brethren in the Indian Territory: and
"Whereas, The
President, being anxious to promote the peace, prosperity
and happiness of
his red children, and determined to carry out the humane
policy of the
Government in removing the Indians from the east to the
west of the
Mississippi, within the Indian Territory, by bringing them
to
see and feel, by
his justice and liberality, that it is their true policy
and for their
interest to do so without delay,
"Therefore. Taking
into consideration the foregoing premises, the
following articles
of a treaty are entered into, between the United
States of America
and the several tribes of the New York Indians, the
names of whose
chiefs, head men and warriors are hereto subscribed, and
those who may
hereafter give their assent to this treaty in writing
within such time as
the President shall appoint."
GENERAL
PROVISIONS:
"Article 1. The
several tribes of the New York Indians, the names of
whose chiefs, head
men, warriors and representatives are hereunto
annexed, in
consideration of the premises above recited, and the
covenants
hereinafter contained, to be performed on the part of the
United States,
hereby cede and relinquish to the United States all their
right, title and
interest, in the lands secured to them at Green Bay by
the Menomonee
treaty of 1831, except the following tract on which a part
of the New York
Indians now reside: Beginning at the southwesterly corner
of the French
grants at Green Bay, and running thence southwardly to a
point and line to
be run from the little Cocalin, parallel to a line of
the French grants,
and six miles from Fox river; from thence, on said
parallel line,
northwardly six miles; from thence eastwardly to a point
on the northeast
line of the Indian lands, and being a right angle to the
same.
"Article 2. In
consideration of the above cession and relinquishment on
the part of the
tribes of the New York Indians, and in order to manifest
the deep interest
of the United States in the future peace and prosperity
of the New York
Indians, the United States agree to set apart the
following tract of
country, situated directly west of the State of
Missouri, as a
permanent home for the New York Indians now residing in
the State of New
York, or in Wisconsin, or elsewhere in the United
States, who have no
permanent homes; which said country is described as
follows: Beginning
on the west line of the State of Missouri, at the
northeast corner of
the Cherokee tract, and running thence north along
the west line of
the State of Missouri twenty-seven miles to the
southerly line of
the Missouri lands: thence west so far as shall be
necessary, by
running a line at right angles and parallel to the west
line aforesaid, to
Osage lands; and thence easterly along the Osage and
Cherokee lands to
the place of beginning; to include one million eight
hundred and
twenty-four thousand acres of land, being three hundred
and
twenty acres for
each soul of said Indians, as their numbers are at
present computed.
To have and hold the same, in fee simple, to the said
tribes or nations
of Indians, by patent from the President of the United
States, issued in
conformity with the third section of the act entitled,
'An act to provide
for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in
any of the States
or Territories, and for their removal west of the
Mississippi,'
approved on the 28th day of May, 1830, with full power and
authority in the
said Indians to divide said lands among the different
tribes, nations or
bands in severalty, with the right to sell and convey
to and from each
other, under such laws and regulations as may be adopted
by the respective
tribes, acting by themselves or by a general council of
the said New York
Indians, acting for all the tribes collectively. It is
understood and
agreed that the above described country is intended as a
future home for the
following tribes, to-wit: The Senecas, Onondagas,
Cayugas,
Tuscaroras, Oneidas, St. Regis, Stockbridges, Munsees and
Brothertowns,
residing in the State of New York, and the same is to be
divided equally
among them according to their respective numbers, as
mentioned in a
schedule hereunto annexed.
"Article 3. It is
further agreed that such of the tribes of the New York
Indians as do not
accept and agree to remove to the country set apart for
their new homes,
within five years, or such other time as the President
may from time to
time appoint, shall forfeit all interest in the lands so
set apart, to the
United States.
"Article 4.
Perpetual peace and friendship shall exist between the
United
States and the New
York Indians; and the United States hereby guarantee
to protect and
defend them in the peaceable possession and enjoyment of
their new home, and
hereby secure to them, in said country, the right to
establish their own
form of government, appoint their own officers, and
administer their
own laws; subject, however, to the legislation of the
United States,
regulating trade and intercourse with the Indians. The
lands secured to
them by patent under this treaty shall never be included
in any state or
territory of this Union. The said Indians shall also be
entitled in all
respects to the same political and civil rights and
privileges that are
granted and secured by the United States to any of
the several tribes
of emigrant Indians settled in the Indian Territory.
"Article 5. The
Oneidas are to have their lands in the Indian Territory,
in the tract set
apart for the New York Indians, adjoining the Osage
tract, and that
hereinafter set apart for the Senecas; and the same shall
be so laid off as
to secure them a sufficient quantity of timber for
their
use.
"Those tribes whose
lands are not specially designated in this treaty are
to have such as
shall be set apart by the President.
"Article 6. It is
further agreed that the United States will pay to those
who remove west, at
their new homes, all such annuities as shall properly
belong to them. The
schedule hereunto annexed shall be deemed and taken
as a part of this
treaty.
"Article 7. It is
expressly understood and agreed that the treaty must be
approved by the
President and ratified and confirmed by the Senate of the
United States,
before it shall be binding upon the parties to it.
"It is further
expressly understood and agreed that the rejection, by the
President and
Senate, of the provisions thereof, applicable to one tribe
or distant branch
of a tribe shall not be construed to invalidate as to
others; but as to
them, it shall be binding and remain in full force and
effect.
"Article 8. It is
stipulated and agreed that the accounts of the
commissioner and
expenses incurred by him in holding a council with the
New York Indians,
and concluding treaties at Green Bay and Duck Creek in
Wisconsin, and in
the State of New York in 1836, and those for the
exploring party of
the present treaty, shall be allowed and settled
according to former
precedents."
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
FOR THE ST. REGIS.
"Article 9. It is
agreed with the American party of the St. Regis
Indians, that the
United States will pay to the said tribe, on their
removal west, or at
such time as the President shall appoint, the sum of
five thousand
dollars, as a remuneration for moneys laid out by the said
tribe and services
rendered by their chiefs and agents in securing the
title to the Green
Bay lands, and in removal to the same, to be
apportioned out to
the several claimants by the chiefs of the said party,
and a United States
commissioner, as may be deemed by them equitable and
just. If is further
agreed that the following reservation of land shall
be made to the Rev.
Eleazar Williams of said tribe, which he claims in
his own right and
that of his wife, which he is to hold in fee simple by
patent from the
President, with full power and authority to sell and
dispose of the
same, to-wit. Beginning at a point in the west bank of the
Fox River, thirteen
chains above the old mill-dam at the rapids of the
little Kockalin,
thence north fifty-two degrees and thirty minutes west,
two hundred and
forty chains, thence north thirty-seven degrees and
thirty minutes
east, two hundred chains, thence south fifty-two degrees
and thirty minutes
east, two hundred and forty chains to the bank of the
Fox river, thence
up along the bank of the Fox river to the place of
beginning."
SPECIAL PROVISION
FOR THE SENECAS.
"Article 10. It is
agreed with the Senecas that they shall have for
themselves and
their friends the Cayugas and Onondagas residing among
them, the easterly
part of the tract set apart for the New York Indians,
and to extend so
far west as to include one-half section (three hundred
and twenty acres)
of land for each soul of the Senecas, Cayugas and
Onondagas residing
among them; and if on removing west they find there is
not sufficient
timber on this tract for their use, then the President
shall add thereto
timber land sufficient for their accommodation and they
agree to remove
from the State of New York to their new homes within five
years, and to
continue to reside there. And Whereas, At the making of
this treaty, Thomas
L. Ogden and Joseph Fellows, the assignees of the
State of
Massachusetts have purchased of the Seneca Nation of Indians,
in
the presence and
with the approbation of the United States Commissioner,
appointed by the
United States to hold said treaty or convention, all the
rights, title,
interest and claim of the said Seneca Nation to certain
lands by a deed of
conveyance, a duplicate of which is hereunto annexed,
and whereas, the
consideration money mentioned in said deed, amounting to
two hundred and two
thousand dollars, belonging to the Seneca Nation, and
the said nation
agrees to receive the same, to be disposed of as follows,
The sum of one
hundred thousand dollars to be invested by the President
of the United
States in safe stock, for their use, the income of which
is
to be paid to them
at their new homes annually, and the balance, being
one hundred and two
thousand dollars, is to be paid to the owners of the
improvements on
lands so deeded according to an appraisement of said
improvements, and a
distribution and award of said sum of money among the
owners of said
improvement, to be made by appraisers hereafter to be
appointed by the
Seneca nation, in the presence of the United States'
Commissioner
hereafter to be appointed, to be paid by the United States
to the individuals
who are entitled to the same, according to said
appraisal and
award, and their severally relinquishing their respective
possessions to the
said Ogden and Fellows."
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
FOR THE CAYUGAS.
"Article 11 The
United States will not set apart for Cayugas, on their
removing to their
new homes at the west, two thousand dollars, and will
invest the same in
some safe stocks, the income of which shall be paid
them annually at
their new homes. The United States further agree to the
said nation on
their removal west, two thousand five hundred dollars, to
be disposed of as
the chiefs shall deem just and equitable."
SPECIAL PROVISION
FOR THE ONONDAGAS ON THE SENECA RESERVATIONS.
"Article 12. The
United States agreed to set apart for the Onondagas
residing on the
Seneca Reservation, two thousand five hundred dollars, on
their removing
west, and to invest the same in safe stock, the income of
which shall be paid
to them annually, at their new homes. And the United
States further
agree to pay to the said Onondagas, on their removal to
their new homes in
the west, two thousand dollars, to be disposed of as
the chiefs shall
deem equitable and just."
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
FOR THE ONEIDAS RESIDING IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
"Article 13. The
United States will pay the sum of four thousand dollars,
to be paid to
Babtist Powlis, and the chiefs of the first Christian
party
residing at Oneida,
and the sum of two thousand dollars shall be paid to
William Day, and
the chiefs of the Orchard party residing there, for
expenses incurred
and services rendered in securing the Green Bay
country, and the
settlement of a portion thereof; and they hereby agree
to remove to their
new homes in the Indian Territory as soon as they can
make satisfactory
arrangements with the Governor of the State of New York
for the purchase of
their lands at Oneida."
SPECIAL PROVISION
FOR THE TUSCARORAS.
"Article 14 The
Tuscarora Nation agree to accept the country set apart
for them in the
Indian Territory, and to remove there within five years,
and continue to
reside there. It is further agreed that the Tuscaroras
shall have their
lands in the Indian country, at the forks or the Neasha
River, which shall
be so laid off as to secure a sufficient quantity of
timber for the
accommodation of the nation. But if on examination, they
are not satisfied
with this location, they are to have their lands at
such a place as the
President of the United States shall designate. The
United States will
pay to the Tuscarora Nation, on their settling at the
west, three
thousand dollars, to be disposed of as the chiefs shall
deem
most equitable and
just.
"Whereas, The said
nation owns, in fee simple, five thousand acres of
land lying in
Niagara county, in the State of New York, which was
conveyed to the
said nation by Henry Dearborn, and they wish to sell and
convey the same
before they remove west.
"Now, therefore, in
order to have the same done in a legal and proper
way, they hereby
convey the same to the United States, and to be held in
trust for them; and
they authorize the President to sell and convey the
same, and the money
which shall be received for the said lands, exclusive
of the improvement,
the President shall invest in safe stock for their
benefit, the income
from which shall be paid to the nation at their new
homes annually; and
the money which shall be received for improvements on
saidlands shall be
paid to the owners of the improvements, when the lands
are sold. The
President shall cause the lands to be surveyed, and the
improvements shall
be appraised by such persons as the nation shall
appoint; and said
lands shall also be appraised, and shall not be sold at
a less price than
the appraisal, without the consent of James Cusick,
William Mount
Pleasant and William Chew, or the survivor or survivors of
them. And the
expenses incurred by the United States in relation to this
trust are to be
deducted from the moneys received before investment. And
whereas, at the
making of this treaty, Thomas L. Ogden and Joseph
Fellows, the
assignees of the State of Massachusetts, have purchased of
the Tuscarora
Nation of Indians, in the presence and with the
approbation
of the commissioner
appointed on the part of the United States, to hold a
treaty or
convention, all the right, title, interest, and claim of
the
Tuscarora Nation to
certain lands, by a deed of conveyance, a duplicate
of which is
hereunto annexed; and whereas, the consideration money for
said lands has been
secured to the said nation to their satisfaction, by
Thomas L. Ogden and
Joseph Fellows. Therefore the United States hereby
assent to the said
sale and conveyance, and sanction the same.
"Article 15. The
United States hereby agree that they will appropriate
the sum of four
hundred thousand dollars, to be applied from time to
time, under the
direction of the President of the United States, in such
proportions as may
be best for the interests of the said Indians, parties
to the treaty, for
the following purposes to wit: To aid them in removing
to their new homes,
and supporting themselves the first year after their
removal; to
encourage and assist them in education, and in being
taught
to cultivate their
lands, in erecting mills and other necessary houses;
in purchasing
domestic animals and farming utensils, and acquiring a
knowledge of the
mechanical arts."
SCHEDULE
A.
CENSUS OF THE NEW
YORK INDIANS AS TAKEN IN 1837.
Number residing on
the Seneca Reservations:
Senecas...................................
2,309
Onondagas...................................
194
Cayugas.....................................
130
-----
2,633
=====
Onondagas at
Onondaga..................... 300
Stockbridge...............................
217
Munsees...................................
132
Brothertowns..............................
360
Oneidas in New
York....................... 620
Oneidas at Green
Bay...................... 600
St. Regis in New
York..................... 350
Tuscaroras................................
273
The above was made
before the execution of the treaty.
R. H. GILLET,
Commissioner.
SCHEDULE
B.
The following is
the disposition agreed to be made of the sum of three
thousand dollars
provided in the treaty for the Tuscaroras by the chiefs,
and assented to by
the Commissioner, and is to form a part of the treaty:
To Jonathan
Printess, ninety-three dollars.
To William Chew,
one hundred and fifteen dollars.
To John Patterson,
forty-six dollars.
To Wm. Mt.
Pleasant, one hundred and seventy-one dollars.
To James Cusick,
one hundred and twenty-five dollars.
To David Peter,
fifty dollars.
The rest and
residue thereof is to be paid to the Nation.
The above was
agreed to before the execution of the treaty.
R. H. GILLET,
Commissioner.
SCHEDULE
C.
SCHEDULE APPLICABLE
TO THE ONONDAGAS AND CAYUGAS RESIDING ON THE SENECA
RESERVATIONS.
It is agreed that
the following disposition shall be made of the amount
set apart to be
divided by the chiefs of those nations in the preceding
part of this
treaty, anything to the contrary notwithstanding:
To William King,
one thousand five hundred dollars.
To Joseph Isaac,
seven hundred dollars.
To Jack
Wheelbarrow, three hundred dollars.
To William Jacket,
five hundred dollars.
To Buton George,
five hundred dollars.
The above was
agreed to before the treaty was fully executed.
R. H. GILLET,
Commissioner.
At a treaty held
under the authority of the United States of America at
Buffalo Creek, in
the county of Erie and the State of New York, between
the chiefs and head
men of the Seneca Nation of Indians, duly assembled
in council, and
representing and acting for the said Nation, on the one
part, and Thomas
Ludlow Ogden, of the city of New York, and Joseph
Fellows, of Geneva,
in the county of Ontario, on the other part,
concerning the
purchase of the right and claims of the said Indians in
and to the lands
within the State of New York, remaining in their
occupation. Ransom
H. Gillet, Esq., a commissioner appointed by the
President of the
United States to attend and hold the said treaty, and
also Josiah
Trowbridge, Esq., the superintendent on behalf of the
Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, being severally present at the said
treaty, the said
chiefs and head men, on behalf of the Seneca Nation, did
agree to sell and
release to the said Thomas Ludlow Ogden and Joseph
Fellows, and they,
the said Thomas Ludlow Ogden and Joseph Fellows, did
agree to purchase
all the right, title and claim of the said Seneca
Nation of, in and
to the several tracts, pieces or parcels of land
mentioned and
described in the instrument of writing next hereinafter
set
forth, and at the
price or sum therein specified, as the consideration or
purchase money for
such sale and release; which instrument, being read
and explained to
the said parties and mutually agreed to, was signed and
sealed by the said
contracting parties, and is in the words following:
This indenture,
made this fifteenth day of January, in the year of our
Lord one thousand
eight hundred and thirty-eight, between the chiefs and
head men of the
Seneca Nation of Indians, duly assembled in council, and
acting for and on
behalf of the said Seneca Nation, of the first part,
and Thomas Ludlow
Ogden, of the city of New York, and Joseph Fellows, of
Geneva, in the
county of Ontario, of the second part, witnesseth:
That the said
chiefs and head men of the Seneca Nation of Indians, in
consideration of
the sum of two hundred and two thousand dollars to them
in hand paid by the
said Thomas Ludlow Ogden and Joseph Fellows, the
receipt whereof is
hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold,
released and
confirmed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell,
release and confirm
unto the said Thomas Ludlow Ogden and Joseph Fellows,
and to their heirs
and assigns, all that certain tract or parcel of land
situate, lying and
being in the county of Erie and State of New York,
commonly called and
known by the name of Buffalo Creek Reservation,
containing by
estimation forty-nine thousand nine hundred and twenty
acres, be the
contents thereof more or less. Also all that certain other
tract or parcel of
land, situate, lying and being in the counties of
Erie, Chautauqua
and Cattaraugus, in said State, commonly called and
known by the name
of Cattaraugus Reservation, containing by estimation
twenty-one thousand
six hundred and eighty acres, be the contents thereof
more or less. Also
all that certain other tract or parcel of land,
situate, lying and
being in the said county of Cattaraugus, in said
State, commonly
called and known by the name of the Alleghany
Reservation,
containing by estimation thirty thousand four hundred and
sixty-nine acres,
be the contents more or less. And also all that certain
other tract or
parcel of land, situate, lying and being partly in said
county of Erie and
partly in the county of Genesee in said State,
commonly called and
known by the name of the Tonawanda Reservation, and
containing by
estimation twelve thousand eight hundred acres, be the
same
more or less: As
the said several tracts of land have been heretofore
reserved and are
held and occupied by the Seneca Nation of Indians, or by
individuals
thereof, together with all and singular the rights,
privileges,
hereditaments and appurtenances to each and every of the
said
tracts or parcels
of land belonging or appertaining; and all the estate,
right, title,
interest, claim and demand of the said party of the first
part, and of the
said Seneca Nation of Indians, of, in and to the same,
and to each and
every parcel thereof; to have and to hold all and
singular the above
described and released premises unto the said Thomas
Ludlow Ogden and
Joseph Fellows, their heirs and assigns, to their proper
use and behalf
forever, as joint tenants, and not as tenants in common.
At the
before-mentioned treaty, held in my presence, as superintendent
on
the part of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and this day concluded,
the foregoing
instrument of writing was agreed to by the contracting
parties therein
named, and was in my presence executed by them, and being
approved by me, I
do hereby certify and declare such my approbation
thereof.
Witness my hand and
seal, at Buffalo Creek, this 15th day of, January, in
the year
1838.
JOSIAH
TROWBRIDGE.
I have attended a
treaty of the Seneca Nation of Indians, held at Buffalo
Creek, in the
county of Erie, in the State of New York, on the fifteenth
day of January, in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-eight, when
the within instrument was duly executed in my
presence, by the
chiefs of the Seneca Nation, being fairly and properly
understood by them.
I do therefore certify and approve the same.
R. H. GILLET,
Commissioner.
At a treaty held
under and by authority of the United States of America,
at Buffalo Creek,
in the county of Erie, and State of New York, between
the sachems, chiefs
and warriors of the Tuscarora Nation of Indians, duly
assembled in
council, and representing and voting for the said Nation,
on
the one part, and
Thomas Ludlow Ogden, of the city of New York, and
Joseph Fellows, of
Geneva, in the county of Ontario, on the other part,
concerning the
purchase of the rights and claim of the said Indians in
and to the lands
within the State of New York remaining in their
occupation. Ransom
H. Gillett, Esq., a commissioner appointed by the
President of the
United States to attend and hold the said treaty, and
also Josiah
Trowbridge, Esq., the superintendent on behalf of the
Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, being severally present at the said
treaty, the said
sachems, chiefs and warriors, on behalf of the said
Tuscarora Nation,
did agree to sell and release to the said Thomas Ludlow
Ogden and Joseph
Fellows, and they, the said Thomas Ludlow Ogden and
Joseph Fellows, did
agree to purchase all the right, title and claim of
the Tuscarora
Nation of, in and to the tract, piece or parcel of land
mentioned and
described in the instrument of writing next hereafter set
forth, and at the
price or sum therein specified as the consideration or
purchase money for
such sale and release; which instrument being read and
explained to the
said parties, and mutually agreed to, was signed and
sealed by the
contracting parties, and is in the words following:
This indenture,
made this fifteenth day of January, in the year of our
Lord one thousand
eight hundred and thirty-eight, between the sachems,
chiefs and warriors
of the Tuscarora Nation of Indians, duly assembled in
council, and acting
for and on behalf of the said Tuscarora Nation, of
the first part, and
Thomas Ludlow Ogden, of the city of New York, and
Joseph Fellows, of
Geneva, in the county of Ontario, of the second part,
witnesseth:
That the said
sachems, chiefs and warriors of the Tuscarora Nation, in
consideration of
the sum of nine thousand six hundred dollars to them in
hand paid by the
said Thomas Ludlow Ogden and Joseph Fellows, the receipt
whereof is hereby
acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, released
and confirmed, and
by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, release and
confirm to the said
Thomas Ludlow Ogden and Joseph Fellows, and to their
heirs and assigns,
all that tract or parcel of land situated, lying and
being in the county
of Niagara, and State of New York, commonly called
and known by the
name of the Tuscarora Reservation, or Seneca grant,
containing nineteen
hundred and twenty acres, be the same more or less,
being thelands in
their occupancy, and not included in the land conveyed
to them by Henry
Dearborn, together with all and singular the rights,
privileges,
hereditaments and appurtenances to the said tract or
parcel
of land belonging
or appertaining, and all the estate, right, title,
interest, claim and
demand of the said party of the first part, and of
the said Tuscarora
Nation of Indians of, in and to the same, and to every
part and parcel
thereof; to have and to hold all and singular the above
described and
released premises unto the said Thomas Ludlow Ogden and
Joseph Fellows, and
their heirs and assigns, to their proper use and
behalf forever, as
joint tenants and not as tenants in common.
At the
above-mentioned treaty, held in my presence as superintendent
on
the part of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts and this day concluded, the
foregoing
instrument was agreed to by the contracting parties
therein
named, and was in
my presence executed by them; and being approved by me,
I do hereby certify
and declare such my approbation thereof.
Witness my hand and
seal at Buffalo Creek, this 15th day of January, in
the year
1838,
J. TROWBRIDGE,
Superintendent.
I have attended a
treaty of the Tuscarora Nation of Indians, held at
Buffalo Creek, in
the county of Erie, in the State of New York, on the
fifteenth day of
January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and
thirty-eight, when the within instrument was duly executed
in
my presence by the
sachems, chiefs and warriors of the said nation, being
fairly and properly
understood and transacted by all the parties of
Indians concerned,
and declared to be done to their full satisfaction. I
do therefore
certify and approve the same.
R. H. GILLET,
Commissioner.
SUPPLEMENTAL
ARTICLE TO THE TREATY CONCLUDED AT BUFFALO CREEK, IN THE
STATE OF NEW YORK,
ON THE 15TH DAY OF JANUARY, 1838, CONCLUDED BETWEEN
RANSOM H. GILLET,
COMMISSIONER, ON THE PART OF THE UNITED STATES, AND
CHIEFS AND HEAD MEN
OF THE ST. REGIS INDIANS, CONCLUDED ON THE 13TH OF
FEBRUARY,
1838.
The undersigned,
chiefs and head men of the St. Regis Indians, residing
in the State of New
York, having heard a copy of said treaty read by
Ransom H. Gillet,
the commissioner who concluded that treaty on the part
of the United
States, and be having fully and publicly explained the
same, and believing
the conditions of the said treaty to be very liberal
on the part of the
United States, and calculated to be highly beneficial
to the New York
Indians, including the St. Regis, who are embraced in its
provision, do
hereby assent to every part of the said treaty, and
approve
the same. And it is
further agreed that any of the St. Regis Indians who
wish to do so shall
be at liberty to remove to the said country at any
time hereafter
within the time specified in this treaty, but under it the
Government shall
not compel them to remove.
The United States
will, within one year after the ratification of this
treaty, pay over to
the American party of said Indians one thousand
dollars, part of
the sum of five thousand dollars mentioned in the
special provisions
for the St. Regis Indians, anything in the article
contained to the
contrary, notwithstanding.
Proclaimed April 4,
1840.
* * * *
*
In the year 1846,
on the 16th day of May, about forty of the Tuscaroras
emigrated from the
reservation to their new homes in the Indian
Territory, and in
one year about one-third of them died on account of the
sufferings they
endured. They were destitute of everything, and the
Government was to
have sustained them for one year, and to build houses
for them, and
provide all the necessaries of life, but they failed in
fulfilling their
promises on account of the misconduct of Dr. A.
Hogeboom, the
moving agent of the emigration party.
By reference to
official documents in the Indian department it appears
that a petition
from a small party of discontented emigrationists at the
Tuscarora village,
dated March 4th, 1845, was sent to the President of
the United States,
expressing a desire to remove to the West. It also
further appears
that a letter had been received by the department from a
certain D. G.
Garnsey, dated May 8th, 1845, stating that a portion of
the
Senecas, and others
of the Six Nations in western New York, were now
ready to remove.
The Government, justly fearing that there might be
persons so anxious
to possess themselves of the moneys appropriated by
law for the removal
and support of emigrating Indians, as to resort to
fraudulent means
for the purpose, by letters warned the Indian agent at
Buffalo to be on
his guard against such imposition. Afterwards, several
petitioners from
small fragments of the Senecas and other tribes, were
prevailed on to
sign memorials to the President, asking to be removed,
and begging
appropriations for that purpose. To those well acquainted
with these
movements, there was sufficient evidence that persons
interested in their
removal were at the bottom of all this business.
Of the Six Nations,
once the owners and lords of the soil within the
boundaries of the
great Commonwealth of New York, there were many small
remnants scattered
over the western part of this State in a condition of
wretched vagrancy;
reduced by idleness and intemperance to poverty, and
ready, for a
trifling compensation, to have their names attached to any
memorial, without
regard to its objects, for a small sum of money they
would lend
themselves to the service of any artful intriguer whose
designs were to
defraud the Government.
By an act of
Congress passed on the 3rd day of April, 1843, the sum of
twenty thousand
four hundred and seventy-seven dollars and fifty cents
was appropriated
for the removal of two hundred and fifty Indians to the
countries west and
south of the Missouri river.
This appropriation
was granted in consequence of repeated assurances made
to the Indian
department that this number were anxious to emigrate. The
glittering prize
thus hung up in the face of the noon-day sun was so
bright and alluring
that a goodly number of hungry candidates were soon
seen entering the
lists and struggling for the prize. But, alas! for the
conditions; unless
two hundred and fifty Indians could be procured to
enrol themselves on
the emigration engagement, and actually embark for
the West, the
stakes could not be legally won. Here was the great
difficulty. And yet
one would suppose that out of four thousand eight
hundred and
eighty-five Indians, belonging to the following tribes, to
wit: the Senecas,
Onondagas, Cayugas, Tuscaroras, Oneidas, St. Regises,
Stockbridges,
Munsees and Brothertowns, by taking up all the poor,
degraded
individuals, and gathering together all the sincere
emigrationists,
such a small proportion of the whole might easily be
procured;
especially if these candidates for an agency had told the
truth
when they asserted
that _large bodies of the Indians were anxious to
remove_. By these
movements the Government had been induced to believe
that there really
was an emigration party sufficiently large to meet the
objects of the late
appropriation, and to warrant the appointment of an
emigration agent.
Under this impression, the Secretary of War, by a
letter dated Sept.
12, 1845, addressed to Dr. Abraham Hogeboom, appointed
him to that office,
instructing him, however, that no movement was to be
made unless the
full complement of emigrants should desire, in good
faith, to remove to
the West, and Hogeboom was also explicitly informed
that "the
Government would not undertake the emigration of these
Indians
unless _two hundred
and fifty_ of them, then residing in the State
of New York,
exclusive of the Canada Indians, should muster themselves
and actually go
with the agent."
As if to leave no
door open for misunderstanding, the Commissioner of
Indian Affairs at
Washington addressed a letter to Hogeboom, dated Oct.
2nd, 1845, in which
it was expressly declared that "two hundred and fifty
Indians is the
smallest number that will be emigrated."
On the 27th of that
month, Hogeboom wrote to the department giving it
information that
two hundred and nine Indians had enrolled themselves,
and some of their
chiefs had assured him that at Buffalo, Cattaraugus and
Alleghany there
would be twenty more. Thus the utmost number that the
Doctor could dare
to hope for was two hundred and twenty-nine. If that
letter was written
in order to feel after the temper of the departmcnt,
and to ascertain
how far it was disposed to relax its determination to
send no less away
than two hundred and fifty, he was not long in
suspense, for by a
letter dated Nov. 4th the Secretary of War again
reminded him that
he, was "selected to act as emigrating agent only in
the event that two
hundred and fifty would go." But on the 7th of that
month Hogeboom
again writes to him, dating his letter from Buffalo,
saying he had
ascertained that two hundred and sixty, Indians had
enrolled
themselves, and had fixed on the 20th of that month as the
time
for starting. This
sudden and unexpected movement was not agreeable to
the Secretary on
account of the advanced state of the season; but, hoping
they might get out
before the lakes and rivers should be impassable on
account of the ice,
he immediately ordered provisions for their
sustenance at their
intended homes, to be procured and be in readiness at
the time of their
arrival.
Notwithstanding all
these assurances on the part of Hogeboom, when the
time for telling
the truth came the whole scheme failed; a sufficient
number of Indians
could not be persuaded to go. The emigration was
therefore
indefinitely postponed.
It will be seen by
the foregoing statement that on the 27th day of
October Hogeboom
wrote to the department that only two hundred and nine
had enrolled
themselves, and he then admitted that only twenty more
could
be hoped for in
addition; of course there was no prospect of emigrating
that season. Indeed
the Doctor says in that letter, speaking of the
Indians, "they do
not think they will be able to obtain the number of two
hundred and fifty
to emigrate this fall." Up to this time nothing had
been done to induce
the war department to advance any money to the agent.
So, not only had
the emigration scheme failed, but, so far as the Doctor
had been moved by
pecuniary motives, he had also failed. This was no
doubt a trying
circumstance, but the trial did not long continue, for
only ten days after
he had written to the war department that the Indians
did not think they
could emigrate this fall, he wrote again to the
Secretary of War,
under date of Nov. 7th, 1845, saying "I have
ascertained that
two hundred and sixty Indians have enrolled themselves
for emigration, and
have fixed the time for starting on the 20th inst."
The following is an
extract from a letter from the department to
Hogeboom, dated
Nov. 14th, in answer to his of the 7th. It was no doubt a
letter such as the
Doctor much desired:
SIR;--I have
received your letter of the 7th inst., informing the
department of the
enrollment of two hundred and sixty New York Indians
for emigration to
their western homes, and proceed, _now that there
appears to be no
doubt of the movement taking place_, to give you some
instructions,
&c. * * * A requisition for $10,000 has this day been
issued in your
favor, with which you will be charged and held accountable
for, under the head
of "removal, &c., of New York Indians," per act March
3rd,
1843.
(Signed)
W. MEDILL,
Commissioner.
Thus the Doctor was
put in possession of the sum of _ten thousand
Dollars_, and we
hear no more about the two hundred and sixty Indians,
nor of any more
trouble about Indian emigration during the remainder of
the
year.
The proceedings of
Dr. Hogeboom; and other persons interested in removing
the Senecas,
necessarily produced great agitation, and a very unsettled
state among those
who had no idea of emigrating. The chiefs on the
reservations of
Alleghany and Cattaraugus, harassed and perplexed by this
vexatious state of
things, at length determined to address the President
on the occasion.
This application procured the appointment of the council
which was held at
Cattaraugus on June 2d, 1846.
In the spring of
1846 Dr. Hogeboom, hearing that the Government had
called a council of
the Senecas, for the express purpose of inquiring
officially whether
there was an emigration party among them, and, if
there was one, what
its number, made great exertions to push off his
emigrants.
Regardless of the positive instructions of the Government,
and
without its
knowledge, he hastily collected as many of the Indians as
he
could bring under
his influence, and with them embarked in a steamboat at
Silver Creck, on
Lake Eric, near Cattaraugus Reservation.
The circumstances
and manner of the embarkation throws much light on the
motives and conduct
of this emigrating agent. The subject is graphically
related in a speech
of Israel Jemison, as made in a council of 1846, and
addressed to the
Commissioners of the United States, as follows, to wit:
"Brothers! The
question relative to emigration being disposed of, I will
explain the manner
in which this removal of the Indians to the West has
been effected. I
believe it was irregularly conducted. Indeed, I may say,
of this I am
convinced. The agent who came to execute it was duly
notified, that the
Government had called the present council for the
consideration and
investigation of this matter. As soon as it was known
that this had been
determined on, _great efforts were made to hurry off
the emigrants and
induce them to leave before the council would meet_.
I am satisfied that
many were decoyed away by various contrivances and
gross
misrepresentations on the part of the emigrating agent and
his
emissaries. I
myself remonstrated against these proceedings, and asked
if
it could beproper
to inveigle and deceive the Indians in this manner. In
reply I was desired
to be silent, to which I rejoined that many of them
whom they had
decoyed on board were then drunk, and in a state of
unconsciousness!
These remonstrances availed nothing, and the whole were
hurried away. If
anyshowed an unwillingness to go they were told they
might return if
theychose, should they not like the place when they got
there."
The painful, and
indeed the awful result of this inhuman conduct of Dr.
Hogeboom will be
seen by reference to the memorial of the Seneca chiefs
to
the President of
the United States, invoking the aid of the Government to
bring back the
wretched surviving remnant of the poor duped people. It is
as
follows:
_To His Excellency,
James K. Polk, President of the United States_:
The memorial of the
undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Seneca Nation
of Indians,
residing in the State of New York, respectfully showeth,
That a party of the
Seneca Nation, consisting, as your memorialists have
been informed, of
sixty-two persons, together with a portion of the
Cayugas, Onondagas
and Oneidas, residing with us, and a party of the
Tuscaroras,
residing near Lewiston, in Niagara county, left the State
of
New York last
spring to settle in the country west of Missouri. That
your
memorialists have
been credibly informed by letters received from
individuals among
them, and by the statements of such as have returned,
that great distress
has, from their first arrival there, existed among
them, and does
exist without mitigation, in consequence of the
insalubrity of the
climate; that twenty persons of the sixty-two Senecas
were already dead
some six weeks since, and about the same proportion of
our friends of the
other tribes; that many others were sick; that three
of the leading
Seneca chiefs, one of the Onondagas, one of the Oneidas,
and a leading man
of the Tuscaroras, were dead; that the remnant of the
people, with very
few exceptions, were very anxious to return, but were
destitute of the
means of doing so; that many of them have sent earnest
requests to us for
assistance to enable them to do so; but that only a
few families among
us are able to furnish efficient relief to their
suffering friends.
In view of all these facts, we would respectfully
request the Vice
President to furnish the necessary assistance to bring
back the remnant of
the party to their former homes, and to arrange for
the payment of the
annuities belonging to them, so that in future they
may receive them
here. Although they went out from us against our earnest
remonstrance and
entreaty, and some of them mocking our expressions of
concern for them as
we stood around the boat when they were going on
board, still we
shall rejoice to have them home again amongst us, for
they are our
brethren and their sufferings grieve us to the heart.
Thirteen of the
Senecas have already returned, and three others, we have
heard, are on the
way. This makes the condition of those unable to return
the more lonely and
wretched. We hope the President will not say it was
their own fault
that they went there, for even if they were to be blamed
for doing so, they
had already suffered a fearful punishment. But we
think that if the
President were acquainted with the circumstances he
would pity rather
than blame them for going. Notice had been repeatedly
given from the War
Department that unless a company of two hundred and
fifty emigrants
could be organized, none would be removed. Such a company
having failed to be
organized in the fall of 1845, we were told that the
Department had
required the removing agent to refund the money he had
received for the
purpose of removing them. In the spring of the present
year certain men
were running from house to house among our people saying
that the agent
still held the money in his hands, and would remove all
who wished to go,
upon the opening of navigation. Directly after, notice
was received from
the Government that commissionerswere appointed, and
that a Council
would be held on a specified day to ascertain if the
requisite number
wished to emigrate. When this became known it was
immediately
reported that the removing agent (Dr. Hogeboom) had
already
contracted for
their passage--that the steamboat would take them in at
Cattarangus Creek
on a certain day, and it was not necessary for them to
wait for the action
of the Government. The agent soon after appeared,
accompanied by two
individuals from Buffalo, who, as we were afterward
credibly informed,
instigated him to practice this fraud upon the
Government, and
endeavored, by representing the country west as a
paradise, to induce
a large company to go on board their boat. Some of
our friends, who
had not disposed of their effects, were told not to mind
their stuff, for
the country to which they were going was so rich, and
they would prosper
there so rapidly that they would never feel the loss
of it, and one
family were hurried away from their table, leaving
everything upon it
just as it was when they arose from their dinner. We
have reason to
believe that the whole company, except a few leaders, most
of whom are now
dead, were deluded by these flattering but fate
representations of
those white men, and inasmuch as the removing Agent
appeared on the
ground, with the money in his hand, these simple people
were made to
discredit the orders received from the department,
relative
to the council of
the 2d of June. Justice would indeed seem to require
that these white
men should repair the injury they have done to us, and
not to us alone,
but also to the government.
But we have no
power to compel them. Our only resource is to appeal to
the government in
behalf of our afflicted and desponding brethren, who
are perishing under
the accumulated pressure of disappointed expectations
--grief for the
dead and the heavy hand of disease upon their own persons.
We trust our appeal
will not be disregarded. We think it is the dictate
of humanity, and we
confidently believe that the voice of the whole
country would
approve the course of the President if he would grant the
needed relief. We
would beg leave further to request the President to
make known to us
through our friend Philip E. Thomas, of Baltimore, who
will present our
memorial, the decision he may make in regard to it.
And your
memorialists, as in duty bound, will ever pray, &c.
Cattaraugus
Reservation, Dec. 16, 1846.
(Signed)
James X Shongo,
Moses Stephenson, N. T. Strong, William X Jones, Robert X
Gordon, Zachariah X
L. Jimison, Daniel Two Guns, Samuel X Wilson, William
X Johnson, John X
Bolden, Benjamin Williams, George Lindsay, John
Kennedy, Jr.,
George Greenblanket, David X Snow, John Huson, Solomon W.
Lane, Jim X Junius,
Henry Two Guns, Little X John, John Talor, John X
Luke, Governor X
Blacksnake, Israel X Jimison, William X Patterson, John
X Greenblanket, S.
M. Patterson, Moses X Pierce, James X Stephenson,
Abraham X John,
Jabez X Stephenson, Peter X White, Charles Graybeard.
In reply to this
memorial, the following answer was received from the
Indian Bureau at
Washington:
WAR DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Feb. 23rd, 1847.
SIR:--The
application for the removal of the Seneca Indians back to
New
York who emigrated
West from there last summer has been duly considered.
With every
disposition to gratify the wishes of the Society of
Friends,
and of the New York
Indians, so far as it could properly be done, I have
to inform you that
the Executive Department of the Government has neither
the authority nor
the means to justify a compliance with their desire. In
this particular
Congress only could authorize the measure and provide the
requisite means for
the expense it would invalue.
Respectfully your
ob't servant, W. MEDILL.
To PHILIP E.
THOMAS, Esq., Baltimore, Md.
When the chiefs
were made acquainted with the result of this application,
they addressed the
following communication to the joint committee of
Friends:
CATTARAUGUS
RESERVATION, March 22nd, 1847.
RESPECTED FRIEND,
PHILIP E. THOMAS:--Permit us to address you a few
lines, and, through
you, the committee of the four-yearly meetings of the
Society of Friends,
in reference to the condition of our suffering
friends and
brethren still remaining in the country west of the
Mississippi. We
suppose the committee are already thoroughly acquainted
with the means used
to decoy those Indians off, in contravention of the
instructions of the
Government to the removing agent. They were flattered
with prospects of
almost unbounded prosperity. The country was described
as a paradise; and
they were told that there friends here, who might now
refuse to accompany
them, would soon be compelled to follow, and that it
would be better to
go now and get well started in their improvements,
&c., as soon as
possible. But, when they reached that country, instead of
being a paradise,
they found it rather a land of desolation, disease and
death, and a large
proportion of them are now lying beneath the turf. The
survivors are
discouraged and broken-hearted, in addition to the
sufferings from the
disease which has swept off their companions, and
they are anxious to
return. Application has been made to the Government
in their behalf,
without obtaining relief, and, from a recent letter from
Dr. Wilson, we
learn that a similar application to the Legislature of
this State is
likely to fail. We cannot make any appropriation from our
national funds
until the meeting of our national council, as a law has
been passed which
would forbid it, but if we delay till that meeting it
will expose our
friends to the horrors of the sickly season once more,
and doubtless many
more of them will perish in consequence. Under these
circumstances we
see no other resource but to look again to those kind-
hearted friends who
have done somuch already to relieve us in our
distresses. Our
obligations are already very great, and we cherish deep
feelings of
gratitude for past favors. We would not willingly burden
your
kindness now were
it not for the peculiarly difficult and perplexing
condition of things
just at the present time. But we feel that humanity
towards our own
people demands of us to make this application in their
behalf, as well as
of ourselves, for we will always cherish a lively
remembrance of your
kindness.
Wishing you the
reward of the benevolent in the great day, we subscribe
ourselves your
obliged and sincere friends,
In presence of
Asher Wright,
HENRY TWO
GUNS,
WILLIAM
KROUSE,
GEORGE X
BUTTON,
JOHN X
GREENBLANKET,
ABRAHAM X
JOHN,
JAMES
SPRING,
DANIEL TWO
GUNS.
Notwithstanding the
fact that these Indians were carried away without the
knowledge or
sanction of the Government, and consequently without the
requisite
preparation for their comfort and subsistence in the
western
country, yet the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as soon as he was
apprised of the
movements of Dr. Hogeboom, anxious to afford them all the
relief in his
power, promptly ordered arrangements for their reception
at
the place of their
destination, as will be seen by the following
documents in the
War Department, to wit:
WAR DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, June 10th, 1846.
SIR:--Information
has been receently received at this office that A.
Hogeboom had
started for St. Louis with a party of New York Indians, in
number about two
hundred. This act of starting with a less number than
two hundred and
fifty, in connection with the recent action of this
office, looking to
a suspension of the emigration for a time, was wholly
unauthorized, and
of course unexpected, but as the party are without the
reach of the
Department, measures must be taken to subsist them. I have
therefore to
request that you will give directions to the Osage
sub-agent
to invite proposals
as contemplated in my instructions to you of the 14th
November, 1845, to
which you are referred.
Respectfully,
&c.,
W.
MEDILL.
To T. W. HARVEY,
Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs, St. Louis, Mo.
Notwithstanding
this humane effort on the part of the Commissioner to
make provision for
the reception and accommodation of these emigrants, it
appears that from
the hardships and exposures to which they were
subjected, and from
the unwholesome nature of the climate one-third of
them perished
within six months after their arrival at their intended
residence. When
their distressed situation was made known to the
Department, the
Commissioner immediately addressed a letter to the Indian
Agent at St. Louis,
calling his attention to their case, from which the
following is
extracted:
WAR DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE INDIAN AFFAIRS. October, 29, 1846.
SIR:--I transmit
herewith a copy of a letter just received from James
Cusick, one of the
party of the New York Indians removed west last summer
by Dr. Hogeboom,
from which it appears that there has been much sickness
and mortality among
those Indians, and that they are in a distressed
situation. Mr.
Cusick's letter, supported by Capt. Burbanks, is
calculated to
excite much anxiety on account of these Indians. They were
removed contrary to
the instructions and expectations of the Department
at the time, and
their having gone west was not known until they were
some distance on
the route. There was, consequently, no opportunity for
making the
requisite preliminary arrangement for their comfort and
welfare on their
arrival west. After giving you the instructions of June
10th for their
subsistance, such had to be left to the judgment and views
of duty, under
these circumstances, of yourself and the Osage Sub. Agent,
under whose
immediate supervision they came, in regard to what further
required to be done
for them. In my letter of the 30th ultimo your
attention was
especially called to their situation, and no doubt is
entertained, that
your answers to that communication will show you have
done, or caused to
be done, all that could be done, under the
circumstances, for
their relief. Should the amount now remitted not be
sufficient to cover
the expenses of what you have already done, or what
it may be, in your
judgment, further requisite to do for them in addition
to their
subsistance, for which there is a special appropriation,
you
will please report
promptly accordingly, and the necessary funds will be
furnished. Funds
will also be remitted on account of their subsistance
when this office is
informed that they are needed.
Respectfully,
W.
MEDILL.
THOMAS H. HARVEY,
Esq., St. Louis, Mo.
MISSIONARY
WORK.
A RECORD OF THE
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH IN THE TUSCARORA RESERVATION
OBTAINED BY
INQUIRY.
The church in the
Tuscarora Reservation was organized in the year 1805,
embracing six
members only, under the care of the New York Missionary
Society.
Rev. Elkanah
Holmes, first missionary, from 1805 to 1808.
Members of the
Church--Sacarissa, a Sachem, and his wife; Nicholas
Cusick, an
interpreter, and his wife; Apollas Jacobs and Mary
Pempleton.
Rev. Mr. Gray,
second missionary, from 1808 to 1813. At first the Indians
converted their
Council House into one for public worship, and also for
school operations,
and in time they built a convenient chapel, which was
painted red, and
was destined to share the same fate as their dwelling
houses at the hands
of the British Indians in the war of 1812.
It was on December
20th, 1813, when they were burned to the ground, in
consequence of
which the operations of the mission were suspended from
1813 to 1817, when
Rev. James C. Crane took charge of the mission until
the end of the year
1826.
In the year 1821
this mission was transferred from the New York
Missionary Society
to the United Foreign Mission Society.
Rev. Joseph B.
Lane, the fourth missionary, took charge of the mission
from January 3,
1827, to June 8, 1827.
Rev. John Elliot,
the fifth missionary, also labored among these Indians
from June 22, 1827,
to May 7, 1833, when he left the mission by his own
request, being
dismissed from the service of the American Board of
Commissioners for
Foreign Missions, to which this mission was transferred
from the United
Foreign Mission Society in the year 1826. Rev. Joel Wood
also labored in
this mission from October 15, 1833, to October, 1834.
Rev. William
Williams also labored among them from October 26, 1834, to
August 29,
1837.
Mr. Gilbert
Rockwood, arrived and took charge of the station as
teacher
and overseer of the
affairs of the church, and was afterwards ordained to
the
ministry.
Before he was
ordained he would summon to his aid in the discipline and
ordinances of the
Church, at different times, Brother Asher Wright, and
Mr. Bliss, of
Cattaraugus Reservation, and Rev. J. Elliott, of
Youngstown.
Ordained at
Tuscarora Mission, July 3rd, 1839, Rev. Gilbert Rockwood as
a
missionary of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,
to labor among the
Tuscarora Indians. Invocation and reading of the
Scriptures were
performed by Rev. Lemuel Clark, of Lewiston; first prayer
by Rev. John
Elliott, of Youngstown, and former missionary at
Tuscarora;
sermon by Rev. E.
Parmely, of Jamestown, consecrating prayer by the Rev.
Asher Wright, of
the Seneca mission; charge by Rev. Asher Bliss, of
Cattaraugus
mission; right hand of fellowship by Rev. A. Wright;
address
to the Church and
people by Rev. John Elliott; concluding prayer by Rev.
Elisha B. Sherrod,
of Wilson; benediction by Rev. Gilbert Rockwood.
The exercises were
listened to by an attentive audience of Indians, who
probably never
witnessed anything of the kind before. The ceremonies were
solemn and
interesting to the people to the very close, although
considerably
protracted by passing through an interpreter.
What added to the
Interest of the occasion was the ordination of three
_native_ members as
Deacons of the Church, at the close of the
ordination. The
Church has received a refreshing from on high during the
last winter, which
has added a number of members, and is still in a
peaceful and
prosperous condition.
Rev. G. Rockwood
was a faithful missionary; he went in and out among the
Indians, visited in
their homes, and talked with them in their inroads,
and was a great
advocate in the cause of Temperance. He was a powerful
preacher, and at
times had great revivals: for instance, in the year
1852, when I was
first awakened to concern for my soul's welfare. It was
then my soul was
first filled with rejoicing in my newly found Saviour;
it was then I first
poured out my soul in fervent prayer.
On the 7th day of
March, 1852, was held a communion season, and on that
memorable day forty
converts were admitted to the full communion of the
Church. Old men of
seventy winters and youths of fourteen bowed down
together to receive
the ordinance of baptism, of whom I was one of the
number, at the age
of fifteen. It was a scene that angels might rejoice
to behold. The
whole number admitted to the Church that winter were fifty
converts.
Rev. G. Rockwood
finished his work among the Tuscarora Indians on the
first day of
January, 1861. Thus it is claimed that Rev. G. Rockwood
spent the longest
term of ministerial service at one installation in
Niagara county but
one, which was Rev. W. C. Wisner of the First
Presbyterian
church, Lockport, N.Y.
The American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, when they
withdrew Rev.
Rockwood from this mission, also withdrew their supplies,
when the Tuscaroras
were thrown upon their own resources. In October
following the
church appointed as delegates Mr. John Mt. Pleasant, a
Sachem; Dea. Samuel
Jacobs and Elias Johnson, interpreter, to attend a
meeting of the
Niagara Presbytery at Yates, to make an application that
this mission might
come under the care of that body, which was granted
them on October 29,
1861. The Presbytery appointed as Committee on
Supplies, Rev.
Joshua Cook, of Lewiston, and H. E. Niles. In January,
1862, Rev. Charles
A. Keeler was sent to take charge of the mission, who
labored among them
until 1863, after which the preaching was supplied by
some of the members
of the church, and more particularly by Dea. S.
Jacobs.
Rev. George Ford
supplied the Church with preaching every fourth Sabbath,
and was succeeded
by Rev. Wm. Hall, and he by Rev. W. P. Barker, who
began his labors
among us in Oct., 1877, and was formerly a missionary in
India.
A letter by James
Cusick, concerning the Baptist mission at Tuscarora, to
wit:
"In 1836, a portion
of the Tuscarora Nation thought it expedient to
become Baptists,
according to the dictates of their own conscience and
free enjoyment of
their religion in this Republican government.
Consequently a
Baptist church was built and organized among the
Tuscaroras, and
they were called in council with several Baptist churches
in this county. In
1838 they were admitted into the Niagara Baptist
Association at
Shalby.
"In a ministerial
council June 14th, 1838, Mr. James Cusick was examined
touching his
Christian experience, and called to preach the Gospel by
Providence and the
council. They decided on that question, and gave him
ordination as a
native preacher, deciding that he was well qualified by a
knowledge of
theology; and now he has labored among several tribes of
the
Six
Nations."
The first Baptist
Church at Tuscarora was broken up in the spring of
1846, on account of
an emigration to the Indian Territory, under the
influence of Rev.
James Cusick, the party being composed mostly of the
members of that
Church, which caused its overthrow. The next year, after
about one-third of
the emigration party had died in the Indian Territory,
the remainder came
home among the Tuscaroras, but Rev. Mr. Cusick removed
into Canada and
labored among the Six Nations at Grand river.
In the year 1860
Rev. James Cusick began his labors again among the
Tuscaroras, in the
town of Lewiston, having been invited here by James
Johnson, with the
view of reorganizing the former Baptist Church.
On the fifteenth
day of February, 1860, there was held a deliberative
meeting at the
house of James Johnson, Rev. James Cusick acting as
moderator. There
were present, William Green, of Grand River; James
Johnson, Isaac N.
Jack, Isaac Patterson, Joseph Williams, Adam Williams,
Sr.
The church was
organized on March 21, 1860, at the house of James
Johnson, Rev. James
Cusick, Moderator, and Isaac N. Jack, Clerk.
A council of
delegates from Wilson and Ransomville was invited by the
reorganized Baptist
church to meet on the 26th day of April, 1860, for
recognition, which
duly met, Rev. William Sawyer, Chairman: James
Bullock, Clerk.
Introductory prayer by Rev. L. C. Pattengill: hand of
fellowship by Rev.
Wm. Sawyer; address by Rev. L. C. Pattengill,
including prayer
and benediction by Rev. Wm. Sawyer. The following
delegates were
present, to-wit:
From Wilson--Rev.
L. C. Pattengill, Dea. R. Robinson, Dea. A. Chapin.
From
Ransomville--Rev. Wm. Sawyer, Dea. G. Hopkins, Dea. J.
Bullock.
They were received
into fellowship of the Niagara Baptist Association
June 14, 1860, held
at Akron, Erie county, N. Y. James Johnson, the first
deacon, was chosen
April 13, 1860.
They finished an
edifice of 30 x 40 feet, a convenient chapel, which was
dedicated February
5, 1862. A sermon by Rev. L. C. Pattengill, prayer of
dedication by Rev.
Wm. Sawyer, report of building by J. C. Hopkins.
Rev. James Cusick
was to have been their first installed pastor, but in
the year 1861 death
took him to his long rest. He was a powerful
preacher, and we
had great revivals under his ministrations.
Rev. Thomas Green,
a native, was baptized Jan. 9th, 1861, and on the
third day of Oct.,
1863, was licensed to preach the Gospel of Christ, a
helper for Rev.
Nicholas Smith, and on Sept. 25th, 1867, was ordained to
the ministry, and
succeeded Rev. N. Smith as pastor of that Church, which
office he
faithfully filled, went in and out among them, with meek
and
humble spirit, ever
faithful to his trust. He had the gift of natural
oratory, and we had
some powerful revivals under his preaching. It would
seem to us that he
was called away too soon, but the Omniscient Being
knows best. God
called him from his labors and trials in this vale of
tears to weal in
the pleasures of his presence and of his only Son,
Jesus, of whom he
had preached, and fought, as did Paul, the good fight
of faith, and
finished his course on Jan. 12, 1877, and has seen the
crown of life which
was lad up for him in Heaven.
Rev. Franklin P Mt.
Pleasant, a native, began to preach the Gospel in the
spring of 1877, by
the invitation of Rev. T. Green, and was licensed on
the 23d day of
October, 1879, and has been their constant preacher.
SCHOOL
OPERATIONS.
For the earlier
part of the history of school operations among the
Tuscarora Indians,
I can do no better than to give the report of Rev.
John Elliot to the
Secretary of War, in the year 1832, viz.:
"_To the Secretary
of War_:
"This will show the
operations of the schools from their organization in
1805, to September
30, 1832.
"The first school
among the Tuscaroras was taught by Rev. Mr. Homes, the
first missionary.
This, according to the best information, was in 1805.
What amount has
been expended, either from the fund of the society or by
the Government, to
sustain its operation, I am wholly unable to state.
The Indians
converted their Council House into one for public worship,
and also one for
school operations, until 1828, when, with a little
assistance from
abroad, they completed a convenient chapel, 28 x 38 feet,
for publicworship.
In 1831 they raised and finished a frame school house
24 x 20 feet, at an
expense probably of $200. This sum, with the exception
of $8, the Indians
obtained by contributions among themselves.
"We have but one
teacher, whose whole time is engrossed in the concerns
of the school (Mrs.
Elliot and myself are occasionally employed). Her
name is Elizabeth
Stone, and the compensation she receives is only the
means of support,
the same that we receive. Ninety scholars have, to our
certain knowledge,
entered the school since its commencement. One of the
number is the
principal Chief and stated interpreter, who can
communicate
in three languages.
Eighty of this number have attended the school within
the last six years.
Sixty have left with the prospect, in most cases, of
exerting a happy
influence. This influence is the result of a belief in,
and adherence to,
the doctrines of the Gospel. Since they have embraced
the principals of
Christianity in full their progress in industry and
temperance has been
strikingly visible and rapid. But few of the number
now sip ardent
spirits--not more than one in twenty.
"The young men are
enterprising; some have large, convenient barns and
comfortable
dwellings, fine fields of wheat, corn, oats, &c.; others
are
beginning to plant
orchards; they now depend on the cultivation of their
lands for a
livelihood."
The second teacher
who taught the school among the Tuscaroras was the son
of Rev. Mr. Gray,
the second missionary, in the years from 1808 to 1813,
and was then
followed by a young man by the name of Mr. Youngs. These
were the first
three teachers who broke in and shed the light of
education upon the
dark minds of our forefathers. The schools were
supported by the
missionary societies in the same order as in the
different transfers
that were made concerning the support of the
missionaries. In
the year 1858 was the last transfer made from the
American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Mission to the State of New
York, by whom they
are now sustained. There were many changes made in the
teachers, all of
whose names, with dates, in the order in which they
came, I am not able
to record; but I will record such names as I have
been able to obtain
which came under the appointment of missionary
teachers, to
wit:
Miss Elizabeth
Stone, from 1831 to 1837.
Miss Lucia G.
Smith, 1836.
Miss Hannah T.
Whitcomb, from Oct. 5, 1839, to Aug. 25, 1849.
Miss Mary J. T.
Thayer, from 1849 to 1854.
Miss Cinderella
Britto, from 1853 to 1854.
Miss Abigail Peck,
from 1853 to 1858.
Assistant teachers
not having regular appointment.
Miss Emily Parker,
1831.
Miss Burt,
1837.
Miss Nancy Wood,
1856.
Miss Maria Colton,
1857.
Miss Eleanor B.
Lyon, 1857.
Under the New York
State supervision:
Miss Abigail Peck,
from 1853 to 1858.
Miss Mary A. Smith,
native.
Miss
Robinson.
Miss Emily Chew,
native.
Miss
Pomeroy.
Miss Margaret
Eddy.
Miss Helen
Gansvort, native.
Mr. William Sage,
seven winters.
Mr. Philip T.
Johnson, native.
In the year of 1850
there was another school house built by the natives
under the
proposition of Miss Mary J. F. Thayer. I have here a brief
history of her
labors among the Tuscaroras, from her own writings, which
is very
interesting, to wit:
MISS M. J. F.
THAYER'S LABORS AS A MISSIONARY TEACHER.
At the invitation
of Rev. G. Rockwood (then the ordained missionary at
Tuscarora) Miss M.
J. F. Thayer commenced her labors among the Tuscaroras
as teacher on April
30, 1849, in the old school-house opposite Mr.
Rockwood's house,
receiving from the American Board one dollar and fifty
cents per week,
besides her board. There were but few scholars, and these
were very irregular
in their attendance. Miss T. visited the parents and
tried to get them
interested. She finally came to the conclusion that
time and money were
thrown away on that little _day_ school, and
drew up a paper,
which was read to the Tuscaroras at their New Year's
feast, January 1,
1850, in which she detailed her plans and wishes,
asking their aid in
executing them. Their response was cordial and
hearty. They
resolved to build a new school-house; the site was
selected
on a corner near
Isaac Miller's, and the people, as one man, went to work
with great
alacrity, under the leadership of one of their chiefs, Wm.
Mt.
Pleasant, and had,
before the next New Year's, a snug house, 18 x 24
feet, well
finished, furnished with two stoves, and a large pile of
wood
prepared. Miss
Thayer commenced teaching at the new station (which she
was pleased to call
Mt. Hope) Jan. 14, 1851, having forty scholars the
first day. On
Saturday, Jan. 12, before school began, a church meeting
was held at the new
station. There were thirty persons present, and they
voted to hold
prayer meetings there every Wednesday evening.
Feb. 20 Miss T.
wrote--"Fifty is the average attendance at school.
Scholars happy and
bright and very eager to learn Nearly every one has
bought a new
spelling book. The prayer meetings are well attended;
Sabbath evenings
there are fifty present, Wednesdays, thirty. They
conduct these
meetings without their pastor, usually. Christians are
being revived;
there is an increasing spirit of prayer: the women have
begun to pray; we
had a precious meeting last Sabbath evening."
In March there was
a great deal of sickness (typhoid fever), of which
several died. The
school was interrupted for a few days.
May 2, she
wrote--"My school flourishes. It is difficult to say which
seem the happier,
the children or their teacher. I have five little girls
boarding with me.
As the 'boarding school fund' is exhausted, I am
obliged to meet all
the expenses from my own allowance" It might be
stated that Miss
Thayer never received a "formal appointment" from the
American Board,
because her health was so poor, but she was
_employed_ and
_paid_ by them. After she went to the new
schoolhouse they
paid her one hundred and fifty dollars a year, and she
found everything.
By "boarding school fund" is meant money received by
Miss Thayer from
friends of hers who were interested in her work and sent
her, from time to
time, small sums of money and sometimes articles of
food and clothing
for the children, _deficiencies_ she met from her
own
allowance.
Thus the work went
on. Several children were anxious to become inmates of
the teacher's
family. Celia Green, Elizabeth Cusick, Ann and Mary Henry,
Susan Patterson and
Sarah Mt. Pleasant were the favored ones.
Sept. 10, 1851,
Miss T. wrote--"My school is small now, owing to the
prevalence of the
measles. The little girls living with me being
attacked, their
mothers have taken them home." Under the same date adds--
"Two weeks ago I
passed a sleepless night, contemplating the deplorable
condition of the
young people here, agonizing and with tears wrestling in
prayer for them.
Last week I learned that three young women had decided
to forsake there
evil ways, repenting of their sins, and looking to Jesus
for salvation. Two
of them came forward at the church meeting last
Saturday, and
offered themselves as candidates for admission to the
church. One of the
young women stayed with me last Sabbath night (this
was Louisa Henry).
She gave evidence of a change of heart. May many more
be led to a saving
knowledge of the truth."
Writing again to
her father, (these extracts are all from letters to her
father), Dec. 8,
1851--"It would do your heart good to look in upon my
little family--my
little ones so confiding affectionate and happy. My
heart has again
been made glad by the conversion of one of my older
pupils, an
interesting youth of seventeen. He and the two young women
mentioned in a
former letter united with the Church at our last
communion. I wept
for joy at these tokens of the presence of a prayer-
answering
God."
Jan. 1,
1852--"Attended the New Years' feast to-day. Told the people
of
my plans for
building an addition to the schoolhouse, so that I might
take more children
into my family. They adjourned to the Council-house,
and will talk over
my propositions there this evening."
Jan. 3--"The church
meeting to-day was very interesting. Five young women
offered themselves
to the church, were examined and accepted. Most of
them state that
they found the Saviour last summer. As near as I can
learn from their
statements it was at the very time when I was so
exercised in their
behalf. For some time I agonized in prayer; then I
became calm, and
felt assured that my prayer was heard and would be
granted."
Jan. 4,
Sabbath--"An interesting day. Never saw so many of the
Tuscaroras
present at a
religious meeting. Some one who counted them stated that
there were nearly
one hundred and forty, and all seemed serious and
attentive. Bro.
B.'s discourse in the forenoon was full of instruction to
the young converts.
In the afternoon the young women examined yesterday
were received into
the Church. Eight children were baptized, and the
sacrament
administered. In the evening I repaired to the council
house,
where the sacrament
was again administered, on account of an aged sister,
nearly one hundred
years old, too infirm to go to the meeting-house."
Jan. 5--"Commenced
school to-day with twenty-five scholars; have seven
girls boarding with
me; my little house is too small, but I hope soon to
enlarge it, as the
Tuscaroras give encouragement that they will take hold
and help about
building. They hold another council to-day to make
necessary
arrangements."
Jan. 6--"A
committee of chiefs called on me this morning, and advised
me
to accept the
thirty dollars offered by Mr. E. S. Ely, of Checktowga; it
would be needed to
purchase the fine lumber, which they can buy cheaper
in Canada than in
the States. To-morrow they will turn out with their
teams and draw logs
to mill for the coarse lumber, and next week they
will go to Canada
for the fine lumber, which Mr. Mt. Pleasant will
prepare. When all
things are ready they will frame the building, enclose
and shingle
it."
Jan. 12,
1852--"Louisa Henry, who seems to be in the last stages of
consumption, has
been with me since New Year's; is failing fast; told me
when she came that
she expected to die soon, and wished to spend her last
days with me; does
not fear death; takes great delight in prayer and
reading the Bible;
the 23d Psalm is her favorite portion."
Jan. 14--"At an
inquiry meeting this evening, as Bro. R was absent, I
conversed with
those who came; explained the parable of 'The Prodigal
Son' making
personal application; three young persons requested
prayers;
one was only
'almost persuaded;' the other two expressed their
determination to
begin a new life at once; invited Elias Johnson and his
brother James to
stop after school for a season of prayer: they were both
rejoicing in their
newly-found Savior, and poured out their souls in
fervent prayer; my
soul is filled with joy."
Jan. 19--"Feel
quite worn out; thought Louisa dying; watched with her all
night; sent for her
aunt, who will watch with her to-night."
Jan. 21--"Bro. R.
called; decided to send the little ones home; close
school for a few
days, and take Louisa to the mission house."
Jan. 25--"Louisa's
aunt took her home at the instance of the Chiefs, who
did not like to
have the school interrupted."
Jan. 26--"Louisa
died to-day; her sufferings are over; her happy spirit
is doubtless with
the ransomed above."
Jan. 27--"Attended
L's funeral."
Jan. 28--"Returned
to the school-house, where we had an inquiry meeting
in the evening;
about fifty present, of whom one-half seem seriously
inquiring the way
to be saved; I conversed with the females; found five
indulging a hope;
others greatly distressed on account of their sins.
Within a few months
there have been twenty hopeful conversions."
Jan. 31--"Met the
sisters according to appointment; there was some
earnest wrestling
with God; had conversation with one who, for many
years, has been a
backslider, but thinks she has now returned to God."
Feb. 4--"At the
inquiry meeting many were present; several indulging a
hope; deep feeling,
but no excitement."
Feb. 7--"At the
church meeting thirty-two candidates were examined for
admission to the
church."
Feb. 8--"Sabbath;
ninety Tuscaroras in attendance upon divine services; a
most solemn
assembly."
Feb. 12--"An
interesting young converts' prayer-meeting."
Feb. 13--"My
children all have the whooping cough."
Feb. 14--"Detained
from church meeting by the sick children."
Feb. 15--"Sabbath;
detained from church; though I am much confined by
home duties, the
work of the Lord prospers; Bro. R. is very faithful, and
the Lord crowns his
labors with great success. He now numbers fifty new
converts; has
united several couple in lawful marriage; many drunkards
seem to be
reclaimed; twelve of my Bible-class have found the Savior;
so
have three of the
little girls that have boarded with me and ten of my
day
scholars."
Feb. 17--"I was
afraid that I should have to stop teaching and devote
myself to the care
of my sick children, but their friends took them home
last Saturday; it
seemed lonesome without them, but little Elizabeth, who
seems to love me
with all her little heart, cried so much to come back
that they could not
keep her at home; she is with me now and seems quite
happy. Have written
to Secretary Treat, urging that Bro. Rockwaod be
permitted to remain
here; none could be more active and efficient than he
now
is."
Feb. 24--"So many
children have the whooping-cough that but few attend
school. I, also,
have a most troublesome cough, and find it difficult to
teach; should have
to give up if my school was very large, as I have fits
of coughing just
like the whooping-cough."
March 4--"My
brother in Buffalo sent the sash and doors for my
boarding-
house; the building
is going forward. Miss Howe writes that she will come
to my assistance if
I need her."
March 7--"Communion
season--forty additions to the church. The old man of
seventy and the
youth of fourteen bowed together to receive the ordinance
of baptism. A scene
that angels might rejoice to behold."
March 8--"Have
written to Miss Howe to come on, my health being very
poor. Have obtained
leave of absence for a few weeks, or months, if I
should find it
expedient to go on to New York to Dr. Nichols' Medical
Institute."
March 11--"Several
calls from my Tuscarora friends. They are very loth to
have me leave, even
for a short time, and it is a sore trial for me."
March 13--"Arrived
at my father's in Lancaster, N. Y."
March 18--"Wrote in
my journal, 'still at my father's,' but thinking
continually of my
dear Tuscarora children. May I soon be restored to
them, invigorated
both in body and mind."
March 23--"Quite
unwell; cannot tell how long I shall have to stay away
from my
school."
April 26--"Left
Lancaster for Tuscarora."
Mt. Hope,
Tuscarora, April 28, 1852--"Once more in my own sweet
home,
greeted by the
sparkling eyes and smiling faces of my dear children.
Found Miss Howe
nearly worn out and glad to be relieved.
"There have been
several deaths during my absence--some among my scholars.
Several calls this
evening from my adopted people, who seem so glad to
see
me."
April 29--"Resumed
my duties in the school-room."
May
1--Sabbath--"Rising early went on foot with my little girls,
though
the road was muddy,
reached the meeting house before 9 A. M., in time for
Sunday-school,
sacrament in the afternoon. Five received into the church
--three of them my
scholars. So thankful to be once more with my beloved
Tuscaroras."
May 18--"Have had
to relinquish my school again to Miss Howe, I am too
feeble for school
duties."
June 22--"A week
ago yesterday almost the whole nation turned out to help
at the "raising."
The excitement of the day was so great that I could
sleep but little
that night; so happy! The Lord be praised. How mountains
of difficulties
have vanished. The Tuscaroras are doing nobly; but,
besides their work,
to finish and furnish all will require about four
hundred dollars;
this will take all my funds, but when I need more, I
know that the Lord
will provide. Have already expended nearly one hundred
dollars, yet, I
trust there will be no lack. Donations are coming in from
various
quarters."
July 23--"How
different my labors this summer from those of last winter.
Unable to teach,
have given my school to another; nor, am I able to visit
much among the
people. Occupy my time chiefly in taking care of my little
girls, teaching
them to sew, and preparing bedding for my contemplated
boarding school;
thankful that I may do a little, though I long to do
more."
Sept. 3--"Being
unable to teach, and thinking that I might do more good
here, if ever, to
study medicine, having consulted my friends and Mr.
Treat, I shall go
to Philadelphia to attend medical lectures. Have bade
adieu to my humble
home, not to return before next February."
Miss Thayer
returned from Philadelphia in February, 1853. Miss Mary
Walker had taught
the school during her absence. Shortly after her return
to Mt. Hope, Miss
Abigail Peck and Miss Cinderella Britto arrived, the
former to teach
school, the latter to assist in housework, Miss Thayer to
have general
supervision as matron of the boarding school. The American
Board doubled their
appropriation, so that each one of the ladies were to
receive one hundred
dollars a year, and find their own board. Miss Thayer
taking it upon
herself to meet the other expenses of the school. Timely
donations in money
were received from Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New
York, and various
small sums; also boxes of clothing and some provision
from friends in
neighboring towns.
March 23--Miss
Thayer writes: "Have received one hundred dollars from the
Sunday school in
Mr. Barnes' church, for my building; have hired two
carpenters to do
the inside work, it having been framed, shingled,
enclosed, and most
of the lathing done, by the Tuscaroras. My health is
failing again and
my mind much racked with planning, as my associates
each want a
separate room for their own private use, I have been
obliged
to vary from my
original plan so as to secure pleasant rooms for them
with chimneys for
stoves."
May 7--"The
building goes forward rather slowly, and my associates are
becoming somewhat
impatient on account of the delay; yet we shall have a
better finished and
more commodious house than I had at first planned.
Though very much
worn both in body and mind, I do not regret having
undertaken the
work. Am more and more convinced that the only hope for
the moral and
physical well-being of the Tuscaroras is to train up the
children in the way
they should go. The work is begun, and the Lord is
able to carry it
forward, either with or without me."
Miss Thayer's
health continued poor and she took a vacation of four
weeks, in the
summer, leaving her associates in charge. Then wrote to
Mr.
Treat that she
should be obliged to give up the management of financial
affairs, and asking
them to assume the responsibility.
To confer with him
on the subject, Mr. Treat requested Mr. Rockwood, Miss
Thayer and her
associates to meet him in Buffalo, where he would stop on
his way to the
meeting of the American Board at Cincinnati. The result of
the conference: The
boarding school was transferred to the immediate care
of the Board, with
Mr. Rockwood as Superintendent; the ladies to retain
their respective
positions--teacher, house-keeper and matron. From this
time Miss Thayer
felt greatly fettered, and the impression grew upon her
that her presence
was not desired at Mt. Hope; that her usefulness there
was at an end. Long
and prayerfully did she weigh the matter, and at
last, though it
nearly broke her heart, she asked to be dismissed from
the field. Her
request was granted, and Miss Thayer closed her labors at
Mt. Hope, December
31, 1853, _and longed to die_. It was the saddest
day of her life,
the bitterest trial she ever experienced, this giving up
all her hopes of
usefulness among her beloved Tuscaroras. She knew not
whither to go;
could not tell the people what she had done.
Samuel Jacobs was
going to Cattaraugus, and Miss Thayer went with him,
hoping the Lord
would give her work to do there. Engaged temporarily in
teaching, was there
until the latter part of July, 1854; in August
applied to the
Presbyterian Board for an appointment as missionary
teacher for one of
their schools among the Southwestern Indians, which
was granted, and
she was sent to the Chickasaws, in the Indian Territory;
arrived there in
November, 1854; labored among the Chickasaws, Creeks and
Choctaws until
September, 1865, when again broken down in health, she
reluctantly gave up
the work of a missionary teacher, and returned to her
father's house in
Bristol, Wis., accompanied by her husband, (Theodore
Jones), and her
three young children (two sons and a daughter). She has
since resided in
Bristol, Wis., on the farm given to her by her father
and brothers, a
quiet, pleasant home. Her children are growing up in the
fear of the Lord,
having all of them, five years ago, (in April, 1873),
united with the
Congregational church in Bristol. Although she has not
the means to give
them a liberal education, she hopes that they will be
useful workers in
the Lord's vineyard.
Mrs. Jones often
thinks of her beloved Tuscaroras, and would gladly visit
them if it were not
for the expense of such a journey.
Mrs. Jones has
culled the material for the foregoing pages from numerous
letters written to
her father, from Tuscarora, and also made extracts
from her private
journal, kept whilst at Tuscarora, and she gives Elias
Johnson leave to
embody such portions of it in his history of the
Tuscaroras as shall
best suit his purpose. She sends herewith Mr. Treat's
reply to her
request to be released from the work at Mt. Hope; also a
letter written by
the Tuscarora chiefs, representing her departure from
their
people."
"MRS. MARY J. E,
JONES,
"February 22,
1878.
"Bristol,
Wis."
To ELIAS JOHNSON,
Tuscarora.
* * * *
*
TEMPERANCE
SOCIETY.
About the year
1800, a new religion was introduced among the Six Nations,
who alleged to have
received a revelation from the Great Spirit, with a
commission to
preach to them the new doctrine in which he was
instructed.
This revelation was
received in circumstances so remarkable and the
precepts which he
sought to inculcate, contained in themselves such
evidences of wisdom
and beneficence, that he was universally received
among them, not
only as a wise and good man, but as one commissioned by
the Great Spirit to
become their religious teacher, by the name of _Ga-
ne-o-di-yo_, or
"Handsomelake." This new religion, as it has ever since
been called, with
all the ancient and new doctrines, was also taught,
strenuously, the
doctrine of Temperance, which seemed to be the main and
ultimate object of
his mission, and upon which he chiefly used his
influence and
eloquence through the remainder of his life. He went from
village to village,
among the several nations of the Iroquois, and
continuing his
visits from year to year, preaching the new doctrine with
remarkable effect;
many abandoned their dissolute habits and became sober
and moral
men.
The wholesome
doctrine of sobriety was not preached in vain, even among
the Tuscaroras;
nevertheless, they did not embrace the ancient and the
new faith, nor its
ceremonies, but the preaching of this singular person.
The influence of
his eloquence, with which he enforced the doctrine of
temperance, had the
effect of forming a temperance society, which was
kept up a number of
years, by holding meetings and by lectures given by
the leading men of
the nation, until the year 1830, when a regular
temperance society
was organized, which was based on a written
constitution; and
in the year 1832 there was a general temperance society
formed at the
Cattaraugus Reservation, embracing all the, then,
different
Seneca
Reservations; and in the year 1833 the Tuscaroras reorganized
so
as to be connected
with the Seneca temperance society, organized at
Cattaraugus. I
found the following articles in the records of the
Tuscarora
temperance society, to-wit:
"Temperance
Society, formed among the Tuscaroras, February 19th, 1830,
re-organized
January 27th, 1833.
"PREAMBLE.
"Whereas, Present
and past occurrences clearly prove that intemperance is
a great and
destructive evil; therefore,_Resolved_, That we, the
chiefs and warriors
of the Tuscarora Nation, will do all in our power to
arrest its
progress, both in this village and elsewhere."
Experience has
taught us that efforts to advance this good cause are not
in vain, encouraged
by what we have already effected, we have conceded to
re-organize our
society, which shall be named and governed as follows:--
"CONSTITUTION.
"Article 1. This
society shall be denominated the Temperance Society
auxiliary to the
general Temperance Society formed at Cattaraugus, March
1st, 1832, by our
red brothers from five different Reservations.
"Article 2. It
shall embrace individuals of both sexes of men, women and
children.
"Article 3. We who
sign our names to this constitution, solemnly pledge
ourselves to
abstain entirely from the use of intoxicating liquors, and
persuade others in
an affectionate, faithful manner to do the same, not
suffering it to be
used in our families, nor purchasing it for those in
our
employ.
"Article 4. It
shall be the duty of those who were appointed a committee
by the general
Temperance Society to visit the members of this Society
individually, and
enquire whether they adhere to or strictly obey the
articles of the
constitution, and converse with others on the subject of
temperance, so far
as practicable, and make a report of their doings to
the
Society.
"Article 5. The
officers of this Society shall be a President, Vice-
President,
Secretary and Treasurer. The duty of the President shall be
as
follows, viz: To
open the meetings by calling the assembly to orders to
appoint the time
for meeting; to settle questions in any discussions made
in the Society; to
appoint the speakers. The duty of the Secretary shall
be to minute the
proceedings of every meeting, and read the report at the
close of every
meeting, and to keep in record the names of the members of
the Society. The
Treasurer shall keep in charge the revenues of the
contributions, and
attend to the lights."
Names of the first
officers of this Society:
President--Nicholas
Cusick.
Vice-President--William
Mt. Pleasant.
Secretary and
Treasurer--James N. Cusick.
Names of Chiefs at
that time:
William Chew,
William Printup,
Jonathan Printup,
Mathew Jack,
John Mt. Pleasant,
John Johnson,
John Fox, George
Printup,
Isaa
Miller.
This united
Temperance Society held a yearly convention on the
different
Reservations,
alternately, for a number of years, but the interest in
the
convention
gradually declined, until the convention was entirely
given
up. Afterwards they
somewhat remodeled the constitution to suit their
circumstances, and
added the following article, viz:
"In the temperance
assemblies the following subjects are to be lectured
on: Temperance,
Industry, Education and Moral Reform."
We have also a
cornet band, which is connected with the temperance
society, which
enliven and cheer the meetings by the sweet strains of
their music, and
adds very much to the interest of each meeting. This
band goes by the
name of the "Tuscarora Temperance Cornet Band." It was
organized in the
year 1842, and has existed continually to the present
time, in
1880.
On the 11th day of
November, 1844, there was a delegation sent here by
the Tuscaroras,
from Grand River, then Canada West, now Ontario, to
connect themselves
with our temperance society, which was granted them,
and the following
delegates were admitted, viz: William Green, a Sachem;
David Hill, Jacob
Hill, Rev. Nicholas Smith and Thomas Thomas.
This society was
afterwards invited to hold a temperance meeting on the
Tuscarora
Reservation at Grand River, Ontario, with the view of
organizing a
temperance society in conjunction to ours. The meeting was
held according to
the time designated. The meetings were opened and
conducted with much
interest, but dissolved without the formation of a
society. There was
a disagreement concerning the constitution of the
society, respecting
the subjects of discussion in the meetings of the
society. The Canada
Indians wished to have the three other subjects, from
that of temperance,
to bestricken out, but the Tuscaroras of the States
adhered to the
forms of the constitution of their society, which includes
Industry, Education
and Moral Reform, as the subject of lecture of each
meeting, which was
adopted at anearly period.
In the autumn of
1862, the cornet band and a number of the members of the
society made a
visit to Grand River, Ontario, among their Indian
brethren, and when
they arrived there the Sons of Temperance had a social
party, to which we
were very cordially invited to participate of the
sumptous feast,
which was already prepared, and were two days devoted to
temperance
meetings. The time was taken up by lectures on temperance
and
music by the two
cornet bands, which played their music alternately, and
added very much to
the interest of the meetings. The speeches were
interspersed with
the rehearsals of the different traditions of the
causes of the
declension of the Indian nations, and regretting the
slowness of the
progress of their civilization, and attribute to
temperance, to be
the great cause of the retard of their advancement in
industry and
civilization.
They were invited
several limits by these, our Canada red brothers, to
their Sons of
Temperance conventions at Grand River, of which they
faithfully
attended, and they were also invited at one of their
conventions held at
Monseetown, near London, Ontario, on the reservation
of the Oneidas: our
cornet band and quite a number of the members of our
society complied to
the invitation. The meetings were very interesting.
There were many
speeches made on the subject of temperance, and on
various topics for
the advancement of the respective Indian nations. A
speech was also
made by the author of this book, which began as follows,
to-wit:
"My dear friends
and relatives. I have been interested in the great and
good cause of
temperance for a number of years, and have attended many
meetings and
assemblies in the temperance cause, but this, our present
gathering, is to
me, unusually interesting; it brings my mind back for
more than a
century, when the Tuscaroras were broken down, as a
nation,
by the pale faces,
and expelled from their long-cherished homes, and
driven from the
graves of our noble ancestors, into the wild and cold-
hearted world: and
when they were without a friend and without a home,
and no one to pity
them, in this, their time of trouble. You, the
Oneidas, gave us
the hand of friendship and brotherly love, and gave us
peaceful homes
within your wide extended domain, and whispered in our
ears the words of
consolation; when, and how shall we ever forget or
repay you for the
unbounded kindness that your fathers exercised towards
ours? We have ever
given you a place nearest our hearts, with all its
affections, here we
give you our hands and our hearts in the great and
good cause of
temperance, and we wish you prosperity in every sense of
the word both
temporally and morally."
This convention was
denominated the Six Nations Sons of Temperance
Convention,
although we, from the States were not members of that
order.
It seems that they
deemed it not derogatory to their dignity that we
should be present
at their conventions, although ours is a common, open
and free,
temperance society.
We, also, invited
them to hold their convention on our reservation, which
was acceded to and
held in the fall of 1865, and there were delegates of
several Oneidas,
from Monseetown, Ontario, and of the Tuscaroras, from
Grand River,
Ontario, and also a cornet band of the Onondagas, from
Onondaga Castle, N.
Y., which favored us with the sweet strains of their
music, alternately,
with our cornet band.
Every morning the
assembly would meet at the school-house, Mt. Hope, at
10 o'clock, A. M.,
and there form in procession and march to the council-
house, about one
mile, to the place of meeting: the two cornet bands
played their music
while the procession was moving, and our temperance
banners were
floating in the air, as if to say, rally round the
temperance
banner.
Our temperance
banner was made in the year 1844, by our people, assisted
by, then, our
Missionery, Rev. G. Rockwood. It is illustrated by several
animals
illustrative of the several clans that are in the nation;
and
also, six stars
that are grouped in the upper corner of the banner, next
to the pole,
indicative, as in the animals, of the several clans, that
they, aught, also,
group together and combine as in one, to work against
the great monster,
intemperance, which is also illustrated by a seven-
headed serpent. As
this monster is formidable, so aught we abstain from
all intoxicating
liquors. There is also, a great eagle soaring in the
air, in the act of
grasping the great seven-headed serpent. This
illustrates that in
our endeavers in the capacity of a society, to defeat
the great
monster--intemperance--we have a helper, which is the
Legislature of the
State of New York and the United States, in enacting
laws to the effect
of staying the great tide of intemperance among the
Indians, in which
weshould take courage.
There was another
convention held here in 1873, when there was quite a
large delegation of
the Oneidas, from Monseetown, Ontario, and also from
Grand River,
Ontario, among them was the Tuscarora cornet band of Grand
River. The meetings
were occupied by lectures on temperance and on other
topics, which were
thought to be the most needed for the advancement of
the social and
moral conditions of our red brethren.
The Grand River
cornet band, and ours, played, alternately, their angelic
melodies, to cheer
us in the great temperance cause. It was then the
convention of the
Sons of Temperance urged upon us to adopt their Order,
but our people
thought it not advisable to change the order of our
society, as it has
existed since the year 1830; the form may be
different, but the
object is the same. We said we preferred to adhere to
the old form of our
society, open to all, and free to partake of the
benefits of it, we
prayed them God's speed in their turning the great
wheel of
temperance, and we should lay hold on the same wheel and
turn
the same way. That
same night the convention closed. There was a great
bonfire made in the
street; and then there was a general farewell, hand-
shaking, and it
closed with music from the bands in the dead of the
night.
The next convention
was held at Grand River, Ontario, in October, 1874,
in the Six Nation
council-house. There was quite a large representation
of the Six Nations.
Speeches were made on the subject of temperance by
all the different
nations, to-wit:
Mr. Josiah Hill,
Sachem, of Grand River, Tuscarora.
Mr. David Hill,
Sachem, of Grand River, Seneca.
Mr. Levi Jonathan,
Sachem, of Grand River, Onondaga.
Mr. Clinch, Sachem,
of Grand River, Mohawk.
Mr. James Jemison,
of Grand River, Cayuga.
Mr. Eligah, of
Monseetown, Oneida.
Mr. William
Patterson, Sachem, of Lewiston, Tuscarora.
Dea. Samuel Jacobs,
of Lewiston, Tuscarora.
Mr. William Chew,
of Lewiston, Tuscarora.
Mr. Elias Johnson,
of Lewiston, Tuscarora.
The winter after
the meetings above, a communication was received by the
Secretary of our
society, Dea. Samuel Jacobs, from the Tuscaroras of
Grand River,
Ontario, wishing him to forward to them a copy of the
constitution of our
temperance society, and stating that they wish to
form a society
based upon the same, which was deferred by Dea. Jacobs
until the June
following, when Dea. Jacobs, Wm. Patterson, Rev. Thomas
Green and Wm. Chew
went to Grand River with the constitution. After it
was read in their
meeting, the Canadian brothers adopted it and formed a
society based on
the same. It was then proposed and adopted that a
convention should
be held in the Six Nations council-house, at Grand
River, Ontario, in
October, 1875. Accordingly the convention duly met and
continued three
days. Our cornet band was present, with quite a number of
the members of our
society. The meetings were very pleasant and
interesting. The
officers were as follows, to-wit:
President--Wm.
Chew, of Lewiston
Vice-President--John
Hill, of Grand River
Secretary--Josiah
Hill, of Grand River
Before the
convention closed it was decided that the next convention
should be at the
Tuscorora Reservation, Lewiston, N. Y., on the 17th day
of October, 1876,
and the officers appointed were as follows, to-wit:
President--Josiah
Hill, of Grand River.
Vice-President--Dea.
Samuel Jacobs, of Lewiston, N. Y.
Secretary--Elias
Johnson, of Lewiston, N. Y.
Just before the
appointed time for the convention to meet, there was a
communication
received by Mr. John Mt. Pleasant, our head chief, from A.
Sim Logan, of
Cattaraugas Reservation, N. Y., being leader of the Seneca
national cornet
band, asking the privilege of attending the contemplated
convention with his
band. The letter was read at one of the temperance
meetings and was
not only acceded to, but they were cordially invited to
attend, and on the
17th day of October, 1876, the day appointed for the
convention, they
were on hand. A. Sims Logan, with his national cornet
band, of
Cattaraugus, and Levi Jonathan, with his Tuscasora cornet
band,
of Grand River, and
Solomon Cusick, with his temperance cornet band, of
Lewiston, N. Y,
were present, which comprise the three leading bands of
music of any
nations of Indians.
The programme was
substantially as follows:
The meeting was
called to order by the president, Josiah Hill, of Grand
River.
A hymn was sung by
the assembly, in the Indian language, words, "Oh, for
a thousand tongues
to sing my Redeemer's praise;" tune, Dundee.
Prayer by Dea.
Samuel Jacobs, of Lewiston, N. Y.
The following were
chosen as committees of arrangements to-wit:
Mr. Wm. Chew, of
Lewiston, N. Y.
Mr. Win. Printup,
of Lewiston, N.Y.
Mr. Joseph Henry,
of Grand River, Ont.
Mr. George Beaver,
of Grand River, Ont.
Mr. Wm. Nephew, of
Cattaraugus, N. Y.
Mr. Wm. Printup
made the congratulatory speech of the meeting through an
intrepreter, Joseph
Henry.
The speakers of the
first session were as follows, to-wit:
Mr. Levi Jonathan,
of Grand River, Ont., on Temperance.
Dea. Samuel Jacobs,
of Lewiston, N.Y., on Moral Reform.
Mr. Joseph Henry,
of Grand River, Ont., on Industry.
Mr. A. Sim Logan,
of Cattaraugus, N. Y., on Education
The Tuscarora
cornet band favored this session with music between the
speeches.
Adjourned at 2
o'clock P. M. and convened again at 5 o'clock P.M.
The assembly was
called to order by the president.
The following were
the speakers, to-wit.
Mr. Simon Carrier,
of Grand River, Ont.
Mr. Josiah Hill, of
Grand River, Ont.
Mr. William
Anderson, of Grand River, Ont.
Mr. Wm. Chew, of
Lewiston, N. Y.
Mr. John Mt.
Pleasant, of Lewiston, N. Y.
Mr. Elias Johnson,
of Lewiston, N. Y.
Mr. Wm. Nephew, of
Cattaraugus, N. Y.
Music was favored
the second session by the Seneca national band, of
Cattaraugus. N.
Y.
Adjourned at 8:30
o'clock P. M. to 10 o'clock A. M. to-morrow, after
singing the tune
Greenville, words, "Savior, Visit Thy Plantation."
Benediction by Rev
Thomas Green.
Oct. 18.--The
assembly was called to order by the Vice-President. Dea.
Samuel Jacobs, of
Lewiston, at 10 o'clock A.M. Opened by singing an
Indian hymn Prayer
by Rev. Thomas Green, of Lewiston, N. Y.
The following were
the speakers, to-wit:
Mr. Thomas
Williams, of Grand River.
Mr. George Beaver,
of Grand River.
Mr. John C. Lay, of
Cattaraugus.
Adjourned at 1:30
o'clock P. M. to 4 P. M.
The assembly was
called to order at 4 o'clock P. M. by the President.
The following were
the speakers, to-wit:
Mr. John John, of
Grand River.
Mr. Levi Jonathan,
of Grand River.
Dr. Bombry, of
Grand River.
President Josiah
Hill, of Grand River.
Mr. Albert Cusick,
of Onondaga Castle.
Mr. Abram Hill, of
Onondaga Castle.
Rev. Thomas Green,
of Lewiston, N. Y.
Mr. John Mt.
Pleasant, of Lewiston, N. Y.
Mr. William
Patterson, of Lewiston, N. Y.
Mr. Marvin Crows,
of Cattaraugus, N. Y.
This forenoon we
were favored with music by our temperance cornet band
between the
speeches.
In the afternoon
session we were favored with music by C. C. Lay's
orchestra band, of
Cattaraugus, N. Y.
President Hill in
the chair, business was resumed.
Mr. John C. Lay
moved that the next convention be held on the Cattaraugus
Reservation, N. Y.
This was followed by a motion of Levi Jonathan, that
the next convention
be held at Grand River, Ontario, who claimed that
they had adopted
the constitution, while the Senecas had not. After some
discussion, A. Sim
Logan said, "If you will give us a copy of your
constitution, we
will accept of it and form a society based on the same."
It was then put to
vote and carried that the next convention should be
held at
Cattaraugus, N. Y., on the 25th day of September, 1877.
The following
officers were appointed, viz:
Mr. Elias Johnson.
Tuscarora, of Lewiston, N. Y., President.
Mr. Josiah Hill,
Tuscarora, of Grand River, Vice-President.
Dr. Bombry, Cayuga,
of Grand River, Secretary.
On the evening of
October 25th, as aforesaid, the convention duly met,
and was called to
order by the President, E. Johnson; opened by singing
and prayer.
Business was then resumed. The Secretary not being
present,
Prof. Chancy C.
Jemison, of Cattaraugus, was appointed to fill the
vacancy.
The committee of
arrangements was as follows, viz:
Mr. John Canada,
Seneca, of Cattaraugus.
Mr. A. Sim Logan,
Seneca, of Cattaraugus.
Mr. Job King,
Seneca, of Cattaraugus.
Mr. Levi Jonathan,
Onondaga, of Grand River.
Mr. James Jemison,
Cayuga, of Grand River.
Mr. Josiah Hill,
Tuscarora, of Grand River.
Mr. John Mt.
Pleasant, Tuscarora, of Lewiston.
Mr. Wm. Chew,
Tuscarora, of Lewiston.
Mr. Daniel La Fort,
Onondaga, of Syracuse, N. Y.
Mr. Abram Hill,
Oneida, of Syracuse, N. Y.
The convention
continued three days. Many speeches were made by the
leading men of the
several nations that were represented. The meetings
were unusually
interesting. Every speaker seemed to be moved to the
utmost of their
enthusiasm. The congregations were large, and every face
seemed to glow with
the interest that was awakened in the great cause of
temperance. The
order and decorum that prevailed throughout all the
meetings was
becoming to any Community.
There were also
four cornet bands which favored the assemblies with
music, in their
proper times, which added very much to the interest of
the convocation.
The bands were as follows, to-wit:
Mr. A. Sim Logan's
national cornet band, of Cattaraugus, N. Y.
Mr. Chester C.
Lay's silver cornet band, of the same place.
Mr. Levi Jonathan's
Tuscarora cornet band, of Grand River, Ontario.
Mr. Enos Johnson's
temperance cornet band, of Tuscarora, N. Y.
On the morning of
the last day of the convention before the services
began, the four
cornet bands consolidated in one, which made over fifty
members, and played
several tunes together outside of the Presbyterian
church, in which
the convention was held, and made a rousing band of music.
The first article
of the constitution, which reads thus: "This society
shall be
denominated the Temperance Society," was amended so as to
read
thus: "This society
shall be denominated the Six Nations Temperance
Society of the
United States and Canada."
The assembly was
then called to sign the temperance pledge of this
society. There were
upwards of two hundred that signed, most of whom
resided on the
reservation in which the convention was held; but there
were some from the
Tonawanda, Alleghany and Onondaga reservations, and
also one Oneida,
from Green Bay, Wis.
The Onondagas and
Tonawandas made application for a copy of the
constitution to be
sent to them, that they might form temperance
societies on their
respective reservations, which was granted them, and
Mr. Josiah Hill was
appointed to write the copy and send the same to
them.
The convention
adjourned on the evening of the third day to meet again
the next year at
Grand River, Ontario.
OFFICERS
Mr. John Canada,
Seneca, of Cattarauguh, President.
Mr. Wm. Patterson,
Tuscarora, of Lewiston, N. Y., Vice-President.
Mr. Josiah Hill,
Tuscarora, of Grand River, Secretary.
Mr. John Mt.
Pleasant, Tuscarora, of Lewiston, N. Y., Treasurer.
It will be seen by
the above that the Tuscaroras have not been altogether
idle on the subject
of temperance. The temptations of intemperance
surrounding our
reservation are great. We hope that the legislature will
aid us in enacting
more rigid laws, for the temptation is working even in
cider, which seems
to be more intoxicating now than in former times.
* * * *
*
Friendship of the
Tuscaroras to the United States.
The Tuscarora
Indians have for more than a century been a firm friend to
the United States.
In the Revolutionary war they took an active part for
the declaration of
independence; many took part, but few were enrolled,
consequently, but
few that drew pension from the United States. For
instance, Nicholas
Cusick, a Tuscarora Indian; where shall you look for
another instance of
friendship, greater than his, towards the
distinguished
Marquis de Lafayette, or for christian principle more firm
and true than he
evinced concerning his pension.
In the war of the
Revolution he was under command of Lafayette. Many
years after peace
was concluded, as he was passing through Washington, he
accidentally heard
the name of his old commander spoken of in the office
in which he stopped
on business. The moment his ear caught the sound, his
eyes brightened,
and full of earnestness he asked, "Is he yet alive?"
"Yes," was the
reply, "he is alive and looking well and hearty." With
decided emphasis,
he said, "I am glad to hear it." "Then you knew
Lafayette, Mr.
Cusick?" "Oh, yes;" he answered. "I knew him well, and
many a time in
battle threw myself between him and the bullets, _for I
loved
him_."
On asking him if he
had a commission, he said, "Yes; General Washington
gave me one, and he
was Lieutenant." This suggested to his friends that
he was entitled to
a pension, and on looking over the records, the truth
of what he said was
confirmed, and he received one for several years.
Afterwards,
congress passed a law making it necessary that each
recipient
should swear that
he could not live without the pension. When the old
warrior was called
upon to do this, he said, "Now, here is my little log
cabin, and it is my
own; here is my patch of ground, where I raise my
corn and beans, and
there is lake Oneida, where I can catch fish; with
these I can make
out to live without the pension, and to say that I could
not, would be to
lie to the Great Spirit."
This is the honor
of the Tuscarora hero. How many among those of the
white people who
receive a pension would have done likewise, for
conscience sake.
Cusick could speak the English language very well, but
when he made an
audible prayer, or said grace at the table, he used his
native Tuscarora
language, "because," said he, "when I speak in English,
I am often at a
loss for a word; when, therefore, I speak to the Great
Spirit, I do not
like to be perplexed, or have my mind distracted to look
after a word, when
I use my own language, it is like my breath, I am
composed." In this
is exemplified that he fully understood the reverence
which was due to
the great Architect of the universe.
Solomon Longboard,
also a Tuscarora Sachem, took an active part in the
Revolutionary war,
with many others of his nation. In one of their
scouting parties,
he, with others, was taken captive by the British
Indians and brought
to fort Niagara, where they were kept for some time,
and urged to take
up arms and fight against the revolutionists. Finally,
this celebrated
sachem, Longboard, held a secret council among the
captives, and
instructed them all to take arms and advance with the
British Indians,
and use their influence to lead them to a place where
they might be
captured, and they with the rest, which they successfully
effected, and were
re-captured by the Americans. Instead of gaining honor
and laurels to his
crown, he was to be sentenced to be shot as a traitor,
but through the
entreaties of the Tuscarora chiefs, and the influence of
the feasibility of
their story that was made on the executives, he was
released, but never
drew pension as did Mr. Cusick.
The Tuscaroras
again evinced their friendship for the United States in
the war of 1812,
when they were asked to guard the Niagara river at
Lewiston and down
the river, against the British crossing it.
Here again we hear
of the Tuscarora sachem, Solomon Longboard, with about
thirty-five
Tuscarora volunteers, stationed at Lewiston on guard. I
have
recorded some of
the names of these volunteers, which I was able to
obtain from some of
the old people that were yet living in the year 1878,
which are as
follows, to-wit: The two sons of Solomon Longboard, Jacob
Taylor, Joseph
Cusick, John Cusick, David Cusick, John Black Nose and his
brother, Samuel
Thompson, John Obediah, Aaron Pempleton, James Pempleton,
John Mt. Pleasant,
Harry Patterson, John Green, Isaac Allen, Capt.
Williams,
Gau-ya-re-na-twa, Wm. Printup, better known as little
Billy,
Black Chief, John
Printup, Isaac Green, Surgin Green, George Printup.
There were but few
of these that drew pension, as it was alleged that
they were not
enrolled upon the army roll.
On the night of
December 19th, 1813, the British army and British Indians
crossed the Niagara
River near Calvin Hotchkis' place, about two miles
below Lewiston.
They noticed at first there were lights going across the
river during the
night, and at the dawn of day were despatched, Jacob
Taylor (better
known as Colonel Jacobs), and another Indian to accompany
him--both being
Tuscaroras. On their return they reported that the
British Indians had
crossed the river in great numbers. The news was
circulated in the
village of Lewiston and the neighboring country, that
they might evacuate
their places and go east, which they did, taking the
Ridge road. The
Tuscarora volunteers took the rear of the train as they
moved eastward,
commanded by their Sachem, Solomon Longboard.
The British Indians
went on the pursuit. After they had gone about two
miles from the
village of Lewiston, where the Tuscarora Indians branched
off on a road
leading to their reservation, known as the Indian hill, or
Mountain road. As
they had advanced part way up the mountain they
observed a Canada
Indian on horseback, who headed off some of the train,
and among the rest
was also Bates Cooke, of Lewiston. One of his legs
had, a little
previous to that time, been amputated, and the main Canada
force were about
half a mile in the rear on pursuit. The commander of the
Tuscarora force
ordered that the Indian heading off the train be shot,
which was done by
John Obediah. The Indian tumbled off the horse and fell
to the ground, and
then got up and ran down the little hill into the
wood, where it is
said he died from the wound he received.
When the report of
the gun was heard by the Canadian force and they saw
the effect it had
on their comrade, they halted. Their commander, Mr.
Longboard, of the
Tuscaroras which numbered at that time twenty-six, from
them selected three
men and instructed them to get upon and to go along
the top of the
mountain and to blow a horn occasionally, which they had
in their
possession, and to keep nearly opposite the Canada Indians.
The
object was to serve
as a scare-crow, to make them believe that there was
a force also on the
mountain in the act of flanking them. But the
remaining force of
Mr. Longboard rushed down the mountain with their war
whoops as if legion
were coming down, and pursued the Canada Indians,
while the train of
white people had gone on in their flight. The Canada
Indians retreated
about one mile and a half, near to where the main force
were. Then one of
their men halted and aimed his gun at one of our men,
John Obediah, and
the latter also aimed to his opponent, while Samuel
Thompson got behind
a large elm tree. In the meantime, John Obediah spoke
to the stranger in
all the different six languages of the Iroquois, but
did not get an
answer. These were the only two men in pursuit at this
time, as the rest
of them had halted some ways back. Finally the British
Indian retreated
backwards, keeping aim as he went, and all at once gave
a spring and ran
off. The three men that were on the mountain kept
occasionally
blowing the horn as they went, as the road is parallel
with
the
mountain.
By this time the
train of white people had gone quite a good ways in
their flight: it is
evident that the timely intervention of the Tuscarora
Indians, saved
great slaughter of men, women and children among the white
people.
The Tuscaroras then
went back and kept in the rear of the white people in
their flight. The
British Indians perceiving that it was the Tuscarora
Indians that killed
one of their number and repulsed them, made their way
to their
reservation, (the nation had already deserted their homes),
and
began to burn their
houses indiscriminately, and also a meeting-house
which was built by
them, except eight dollars, a convenient chapel where
the early christian
Tuscaroras such as Sacaresa and Solomon Longboard,
both sachems, with
many others, delighted to worship the Almighty in the
simplicity of their
faith. And after they had finished their destruction
they went down in
pursuit of the fleeing train of white people on the
ridge road: by this
time the Tuscaroras had stationed themselves at a log
house, eight or ten
miles from Lewiston, near Nathan Peterson's, which
was used as an
armory; when the Tuscaroras first came, there were a few
white men there
breaking open the powder kegs in this log house, making
it ready to set on
fire but the chief, Mr. Longboard, remonstrated in
having it burned,
and was interpreted to them by Colonel Jacobs, so they
consented not to
destroy the powder.
When the British
Indians came in sight, Mr. Longboard instructed his men
to keep moving back
and forth from the log house or armory, to a thicket
in the rear of the
house, for the purpose of making the enemy believe
that there was a
large force stationed there; the enemy halted and
finally went back,
and thus the armory was saved. The manouvre of the
Tuscarora Indians
in these two cases above, was done with but very little
sacrifice on their
part, but the beneficence was great; but then, who
cares anything
about that, it was nothing but an Indian affair anyhow;
this will probably
be the thought of those who peruse my little pages.
When the Tuscaroras
evacuated their reservation they went to Oneida
Castle and remained
there during the war. In about the last part of June,
1814, there was a
company of volunteers composed of about thirty
Tuscaroras and a
number of Oneida Indians, that started from Oneida
Castle to Sackett's
Harbor, to join themselves to an army that was
commanded by
General Brown; on their way there, when they arrived at
Tonawanda. an
officer came to them and asked where they were going; they
answered, "to
Sackett's Harbor, to join General Brown's army." The
officer said, "that
is right;" he then asked them if they lacked
anything, and they
said, "nothing more than being short of victuals, but
we can get along
with what game we can procure on the way." The officer
then gave them one
dollar each and told them to go and buy some bread.
They then went on,
and on the 3rd or 4th of July they crossed the river
from Sackett's
Harbor, and on the 4th, they, with General Brown and his
army approached an
intrenchment of General Riall's, which was in a strong
position. Brown
told the Tuscaroras that he with his army would attack
the enemy direct,
"but," said he, "you must go around and attack the
enemy on their
flank."
It is acceded by
all American nations, that the characteristic of the
Indians in their
war battles, is to fight in scouting and to attack by
surprise:
consequently, it seems that General Riall instructed the
British Indians,
which numbered several hundred, that when he was
attacked, they the
Indians, should move and attack their enemy also
on the flank; it
seems that they moved in the shape of a V with the two
points foremost. On
the 5th occurred the battle of Chippewa; the contest
was obstinate and
bloody; the Tuscarora Indians in moving on the flank of
Brown's army, they
entered in the enemy's moving V of British Indians,
and when they
arrived at the fork, and not until then, did the
Tuscaroras
know where they
were; but, nevertheless, they all made the war-whoop,
fired and made a
desperate charge at one point and broke through the
ranks of the enemy.
Strange as it may seem, there was but one wounded and
that slightly on
the cheek, and not one killed; it was a very close
contest, we getting
away with the loss of but a few guns and coats, for
when the enemy took
hold of their coats they would only pull off and run.
It was then that
the enemy's V closed in on the rear of the Tuscaroras
and the bloody
scene began; the enemy fired against themselves, and not
until they had
completely destroyed themselves did they discover in what
frenzy they were;
but at length the Americans were victorious. These same
Tuscaroras were
present at the memorable battle at Bridgewater near
Niagara Falls,
where a desperate engagement, it is said, ensued,
commencing about
sunset and lasting until midnight, where Generals Brown
and Scott were
wounded.
In every instance
when the United States were in trouble, the Tuscaroras
were ever ready to
sacrifice their blood upon the American altar, which
they again fully
evinced in the war of the rebellion, when twenty-three
of the Tuscarora
Indian warriors enlisted as volunteers in the United
States army, some
of whom died in the service of the country; but some
were spared by the
good Providence, and were permitted yet to share the
sweets of home;
some inherited diseases which they will probably carry
down to their
graves.
In the year 1862
Cornelius C. Cusick, a grandson of Nicholas Cusick,
the revolutionist,
was commissioned to the office of Second Lieutenant.
There were four
other Tuscaroras mustered in with him in the 3d N. Y.
Volunteers, 132d
Reg't, Co. D, to-wit: Jeremiah Peters, John Peters,
Hulett Jacobs,
George Garlow, and there are others who enlisted
afterwards at
different times during the war, to wit:
Twelfth N. Y.
Vol's, Cav., Co. M.--Ozias Chew, John Pempleton, Charles
Pempleton,
Nichodemus Thompssn.
Bat. K, 1st N. Y.
Light Art.--Samuel Bearfoot (Ely Patterson), Wm. Joseph
(Lewis Patterson),
Alexander John (Davis Miller), Zhacariah Johnson
(Elijah Johnson),
Wm. Anderson (Samuel Jack).
Clinton Mt.
Pleasant, 3Oth, transferred to 31st N. J. Vol's. Inv.
colored
brigade.
Wilson Jacobs, 1st
N. Y., Vet. Cav., Co. M.
Edward Spencer
(Edward Anderson), Inv. sway. Co. A. 17th Corps.
Alvis D. Hewett,
151st N. Y. Vol's.
Thomas Cornelius,
Co. K, 2d N. Y. Mounted Rifles.
Charles Green,
120th N. Y. Vol's, Co. K.
John Longboard,
Samuel Mt. Pleasant.
During the war,
Cornelius C. Cusick was promoted to First Lieutenant, and
at the close of the
war he was promoted to Captain. He was some time
afterwards
commissioned into the regular army of the United States as
First
Lieutenant.
Antique Rock
Citadel of Kienuka;
OR,
GAU-STRAU-YEA.
There has been much
said by different writers of aboriginal forts, and
fort builders of
western New York, in availing themselves of steeps,
gulfs, defiles, and
other marked localities, in establishing works for
security or
defense. This trait is, however, in no case more
strikingly
exemplified than in
the curious antique work of Kienuka. The term
"Kienuka," means
the stronghold or fort; but the original name of this
fort is
Gau-strau-yea, which means bark laid down; this has a
metaphorical
meaning, in the similitude of a freshly peeled slippery
elm
bark, the size of
the fort and laid at the bottom as a flooring, so that
if any person or
persons go in they must be circumspect, and act
according to the
laws of the fort, or else they will slip and fall down
to their own
destruction.
The citadel of
Kienuka is situated about four miles eastward of the inlet
of Niagara gorge at
Lewiston, on a natural escarpment of the ridge on the
Tuscarora
reservation, known at present by the name of the Old Saw
Mill.
There is quite an
interesting tradition connected with the antique fort
Gau-strau-yea. At
the formation of the confederacy of the Iroquois, there
was a virgin
selected from a nation which was called Squawkihaws (a
remote branch of
the Seneca nation), and was ordained a Queen or
Peacemaker, who was
stationed at this fort to execute her office of
peace, her official
name was Ge-keah-saw-sa.
The fort was built
by the Senecas aided by the Squawkihaws, on an
eminence on the
north side of a steep of perpendicular rocks, which was
about eight or ten
feet down; and on the east, south and west sides they
dug a trench four
or five feet deep, and in this trench were placed
timbers which were
put up perpendicularly and jointed as close as
possible, they
projected above the ground ten or twelve feet, inclosing a
place of about
twenty by fifty rods. The house for the Queen was in the
center of this
inclosure or fort, and adjacent houses were built in two
rows, with a trail
or path between them directing towards the Queen's
house; on each end
and inside of the fort, which ran lengthwise east and
west, was an
entrance corresponding with the trail prepared leading to
the house of the
Queen.
Then a suitable
number of warriors were selected from the Squawkihaws'
nation, the ablest
bodied, the swiftest runners and the most expert in
the arts of war,
which were stationed at this fort (and made their
dwelling in the
adjacent houses), to keep it in order and execute its
regulations and
laws; they were to be supported with subsistance and all
other necessaries
of life, and furnished with suitable implements of war
by the
Iroquois.
In order more fully
to understand the laws and regulations of the fort or
place of peace, it
must be observed that at this period there were
contentions, strife
and wars between all the different known nations of
the continent;
nation against nation, like fishes of the waters, the
larger ones eating
the smaller. The warrior who can report in his
rehearsal in the
war-dance of having obtained the greatest number of
scalps from the
enemy, was the most honored and had the most laurels in
his crown;
consequently, they were constantly forming companies for
an
expedition to some
nation in quest of honor and the applause of their
nation. At this
time the confederacy of the Iroquois was formed, and this
place of peace was
ordained for the purpose, it may be, to alleviate the
distress and
commotion of the nations of the forest.
The laws were that
there shall be no nation or nations of the Iroquois
make war against
any nation or nations of the same league, under any
circumstances; and
the Iroquois must not make war with any alien nation
without the consent
of the Queen. This fort must ever be held sacred, as
it is a place of
peace, by never allowing the shedding of blood within
the inclosure. All
executions decreed by the Queen should be made outside
of the fort. And
any person or persons, aside from the keepers of the
fort, should, on
entering, never go any faster than a walk. And the Queen
must always have
meals ready at every hour of the day and night--
allegorically
speaking, it is called a kettle of hominy hanging, for all
fugitives and
pursuers from any nation on the continent to partake. All
fugitives,
irrespective of their nationalities, fleeing for life,
from
their enemy, when
once their feet touch the threshold of the fort, their
life is safe; then
the Queen conducts him or them into one end of her
house, which is
lengthwise east and west, with a door at each end and a
partition in the
center of the room by a curtain made of deer skin, and
when the pursuer
comes, she also conducts him or them to the other end of
the room. She then
gives to each of these parties, which are enemies to
each other,
sustenance to eat; when, this being done, she rolls away
the
curtain, so that
each party can see the other; when they have done eating
they pass out and
go home to their respective nations in peace. It is
contrary to law
after a fugitive arrives at this fort and has gone out,
for the enemy to
execute their death scheme without the consent of the
Queen; and if this
be violated, then the Iroquois demand the trespasser
from the nation to
which he or they belong. If this is acceded to, 'tis
well; then the
trespassers are executed, of which the penalty is death.
But should the
nation harbor the trespasser, then the nation must suffer
the devastations of
war at the hands of the Iroquois.
I would here say a
few words in relation to the question often asked,
"Who were the
Squawkihows, Kah-Kwahs, and the Eries?" There has been
much
controversy on the
question. These three named tribes were of one
language and of one
nation--a remote branch of the Seneca nation--and
spoke the same
language as the Senecas, varying but very little in a few
words. These three
tribes originally were called Squawkihows. In time
they became very
numerous and powerful. They had their settlement from
the chores of Lake
Ontario and along the Niagara River, and up Lake Erie
as far as a place
now called Erie, and as far east as to the Genesee
river. This was
their domain, within these limits.
A settlement of
this nation in the neighborhood of, now, North Evans,
south of Buffalo, a
place called by them Kah-kwah-ka, and the Squawkihows
living in this
vicinity were called Kah-kwahs; and the Squawkihows living
further on along
the shores of Lake Erie were called cats or Eries, a
name that
originated from the name of the lake. By this explanation
you
will better
understand my story.
There was a time
when the Kah-kwahs' branch of that nation made a
challenge to the
Seneca nation, another very powerful nation having their
settlement on the
east side of the Genesee river, to play a game of ball,
which the Senecas
readily accepted and a day was appointed; accordingly,
the combat ensued,
and was a hotly contested game; but the Senecas
finally came out
victorious. The Kah-kwahs immediately made another
challenge, that of
having a foot race, which the Senecas also accepted.
Each nation chose
their swiftest runners, then the flyers went which and
tucker for a ways,
but the Senecas finally came out glorious. The Kah-
kwahs being
mortified by the defeat of the two contests made the third
challenge, that of
wrestling, with the understanding that an umpire must
be chosen from each
nation and both to have a war club in hand, and the
one that is
defeated should suffer death by having his head struck
with
the war club while
down, by the umpire opponent to the one defeated and
should be best two
in three.
Even in this the
Senecas accepted the challenge, and in this remarkable
contest they were
also victorious. With this the assemblage dispersed.
The defeats of the
Kah-kwahs considerably alieniated the Squawkihows from
the Senecas; the
report, of course, reached the ears of the Queen, which
also alienated her
feelings from the Senecas, she being by birth a
Squawkihow, but the
office to which she was ordained was by the Iroquois.
After this in one
of the scouting tours of the Senecas across the Niagara
river, among the
Masassauka Indians, on their return at night to the
"place of peace" or
Gau-strau-yea, they were pursued by a number of the
Masassaukas; when
both parties had arrived and had their repast, they all
lodged there to
rest in peace for the night, as they were wont to do. But
in the slumber and
stillness of the midnight hour, was tested the
treachery of the
Queen, by the Masassaukas, in asking her consent to
massacre the
Senecas in their unsuspecting slumber; her feelings having
been previously
somewhat alienated from the Senecas, she was induced to
give her consent,
whereupon they were massacred; their number I have not
been able to
obtain. They were buried southwest from the Queen's house,
the mound of which
was perceptible until a few years ago, when it was
cultivated.
This breach of the
law of that fort by the Queen giving consent in the
shedding of blood
in that sacred place, grated the conscience of the
Squawkikows, and
being alienated by the defeat they experienced a short
time previous by
the matches they had with the Senecas.
This affair was
kept secret for a while. At the same time the Squawkihows
urged the consent
of the Queen for them to exterminate the Seneca nation
and to take them on
surprise, for, they said when they hear of the
massacre, they will
at once wage war against us. They finally prevailed
on her, so she
condemned the Seneca nation to be exterminated.
At this time there
was one warrior of the Senecas who had married into
the Squawkihows'
nation and lived among them. When he heard that the
Queen had given up
the Seneca nation into the hands of the Squawkihows,
to be exterminated,
he resolved to go to a place called Tah-nyh-yea,
among the
Senecas--east side of Genesee river, on the Seneca
river--where
dwelled the head
Sachem of the Seneca nation, by the name of Onea-gah-re-
tah-wa, and make
his report to that venerable Sachem, the decision of the
Queen, which was
final. To accomplish this, without exciting the
suspicion of his
family and neighbors, he went under the pretense of
going away to hunt
on the lake shore of Ontario, and would not be
expected home in
two or three days. Early one fine morning this warrior
started on his high
mission from his house, which was located near the
fort
(Gau-strau-yea). He went northerly and touched Lake Ontario,
where
he had a canoe for
the purpose of hunting and fishing, in which he
embarked and rowed
eastward to the mouth of the Oswego river, and up the
river as far as the
Seneca river: then up that river to the settlement of
the Senecas. He
there left his canoe and made for Tah-nyh-yea, and went
directly to the
Sachem, (Onea-gah-re-tah-wa's) wigwam in the dead of
night, and called
him out doors. He there related to the Sachem the
decree of the
Queen, concerning the Seneca nation and the massacre, and
requested him to
keep secret the way he had received the message. The
warrior immediately
returned home in the same way that he came.
In the morning the
venerable Sachem went out early and gave the war cry,
which denoted that
they were massacred, that war was inevitable, and for
the warriors to
rally and prepare for war. The nation soon gathered. He
then related the
message he had received during the night, and said he
had heard that some
of their warriors were massacred at the fort (Gau-
strau-yea), and
that the Queen had decreed their extermination at the
hand of the
Squawkihows. He then appointed four warriors of the best
runners to go and
spy the fort and the settlement if there was any
indication of
preparation for war, with instructions that with the very
first indication of
a preparation for war that they should at once
dispatch one of
their number home to make his report, and the others to
go on and to
observe the progress of the preparation and make their
reports
accordingly.
The four gallant
warriors now made their way to the settlement at Gau-
strau-yea. When
they arrived, they saw only the eldest people, from about
upwards of
sixty-five years of age, and the younger children, from
about
fourteen years of
age and under. While they were traveling they saw two
boys picking up
sticks for firewood. One of them asked the smaller boy
where his father
was. The bright little fellow spoke promptly and said,
"Gone to war."
Before the older boy could divert his attention by
touching him, the
little fellow finished his answer. This they took to be
news, and
immediately dispatched one of their number home to make
the
report. When this
one made his report to Onea-gah-re-tah-wa, he at once
dispatched runners
to the other nations of the league to inform them of
what had happened
to their father, the Seneca nation, and the desecration
of their fort. The
three that were left after the one was dispatched
home, went onto a
settlement of the same nation at Gill Creek, above
Niagara Falls,
where they found the people the same as at Gau-straw-yea.
The elders and the
youngers only were at home. They also asked a boy
there where his
father was. He aswered: "At Kah-kwah-ka," which is south
of Buffalo. These
three spies took pains to get at Kah-kwah-ka in the
night. When they
got there they fouud a great multitude gathered, and
engaged in the war
dance. The spies went right among the multitude
without being
suspected, because their language was the same as the
Squawkihows, and
took part in the dances. They saw the warriors in their
dance have a head
of a bear, tossing it about and striking it with the
war club, and at
the same time exclaiming: "We will have the head of
Onea-gah-re-tah-wa,
(the Seneca Sachem) and strike it thus" at the same
time hitting it
with their club. And the war chief said that they
would start in the
morning and on the third day they would have the head
of
Onea-gah-re-tah-wa strung up on a pole. With that the spies
dispatched
home the second one
to make his report of what they saw and heard, and
this one retired
from the crowd privately some little time before
daybreak. The two
still remained with the crowd, talking and chatting
with them as if
they were one of their nation.
In the morning the
grand march took their place in the war path towards
their intended
destruction. The ablest warriors took the front rank; then
came the older
ones; after them the boys upwards of fourteen years of of
age; lastly came
the able bodied females. Thus they marched until the
next night, when
they prepared ground for a dance, and went through the
same performance as
the night before. Now the third spy withdrew from the
crowd just before
daybreak to make his report and keep the Senecas posted
in the advance of
the enemy. On the second day the march was renewed, and
proceeded in the
same order as on the first day. The next night was also
spent as that of
the last in flattering themselves of the wonderful
things that they
were to accomplish. About two hours before daybreak the
last spy also
withdrew from the crowd and made for home, to inform them
how far off they
were from the Seneca settlement. After the last one had
made his report,
Onea-gah-re-tah-wa arose from his seat, with that
majestic movement
which only would become him as the head Sachem of the
Seneca nation, and
said: "To you, first, my most beloved comrades, the
Chiefs and Sachems
of our noble nation, I would bring to your minds the
past in a few
words, and it may be for the last time. How often have we
sat together around
the council fire of our nation. I congratulate you
all in the good
feeling that has always prevailed in our deliberations of
various subjects in
relation to the welfare and happiness of our nation,
and more
particularly our sisters and their offspring, and we have
not
been unmindful even
of those that are not yet born, for in them have we
hoped of the
existence of our nation. Have not the nations of the
Iroquois respected
and even honored your counsels around the great
council fire of the
league, and now is destruction awaiting your dawn?
But if that is the
will of the Great Spirit, by running we cannot flee
from it. And to
you, our sisters, have we not ever been mindful of you in
our deliberations
and ever wished you success: and have we not, as it
were, embraced you
and your children in our arms to protect you? We now
commend you to the
Great Spirit, who is our helper. And now to you, most
noble warriors, in
whom the council looks for the enforcement of their
decrees. In
bringing difficulties and contentions among yourselves,
have
we not brought back
to you peace, by meting out to you justice; and in
your troubles have
we not whispered in your ears words of consolation?
And we have ever
placed you close to our hearts. In you is the power of
the nation, and in
you we look for safety. You have understood
it that our nation
has been given into the hands of our enemy by the
Queen and we are
now in jeopardy. As I have said, we cannot, by running,
flee from the
decree of the Great Spirit, but if He is for us we shall
prevail. He will
give strength to our bow, direct our arrows, give might
to our arms and
direct our blows, and put to flight our enemy, and we
shall conquer. He
is able to give us peace in this our time of trouble,
if we all but trust
in Him. It is he that made us and He is able to
preserve us from
our enemies. Now my dear relatives in the different ties
of blood, it is not
meet that we should have our blood spilt within our
domain, nor to have
the dead bodies of our enemies strewed within our
settlement. We must
now march and meet our foe. We must not turn our heel
to them; but if we
are to be exterminated, let the last drop of Seneca
blood be spilt upon
the bosom of our mother earth, and let the sun in the
heavens be the
witness that we die in the defence of our wives, children
and homes, which is
pleasing in the sight of the Great Spirit."
They now made their
march, and after they had advanced a number of miles
they met the enemy.
It was now sometime in the afternoon. A desperate
battle ensued. The
storm of the arrows headed with flint, and also the
creased poisoned
arrows was kept up until evening, when a peculiar war
cry was given,
which indicated rest, at which in an instant the storm of
arrows ceased, when
the Sachems of the two parties came near together and
deliberated on the
conditions of rest during the night, that each party
should retreat a
ways and rest without either molesting the other during
the night, but in
the morning they should come together and resume the
battle.
In the morning the
battle was renewed, even with more vigor than the day
before, until
nearly noon, when the war cry of rest was again given. The
fight was again
suspended for the purpose of taking refreshments.
At this time
Onea-gah-re-tah-wa said to the Chiefs of the Squawkihows,
"While we are
resting let us have a recreation by having a wrestling
between the two
parties, and each one should have a war club in his belt,
and the one that is
defeated should die at the hands of his victor with
the war club." The
Squawkihows accepted the challenge. Then the wrestling
was continued to
several contests, in which the Senecas were victorious.
There were several
of the very ablest warriors of the Squawkihows killed
in this simple
contest of wrestling.
They again resumed
the battle. At this time the Senecas reserved quite a
number of their
smartest warriors, with each of them a bunch of bark
prepared for the
purpose of tying prisoners. They were in the rear and
laid low. The
battle was still more deepcrate. They finally came in
hand-
in-hand. Then they
made use of their war clubs. At this time the
Squawkihows
summoned to their aid their reserved company, which they
kept
in the rear. The
young women came on the flank of the Senecas' ranks, and
beat them with
clubs, which made the Senecas falter for a while. Finally
they called on
their reserved warriors, who made a desperate charge on
the enemy and made
them retreat. The Senecas began taking prisoners. They
tied their hands
behind them to trees. In this way they took a great many
prisoners,
particularly the females. The warriors rallied and fought
as
they retreated.
After a while a company suddenly broke off from their
ranks and ran away.
In a moment they had disappeared in the forest. Those
that remained
rallied again and fought as they were retreating until
evening, when all
at once the whole company wheeled right around, gave a
spring, and off
they went. The Senecas made their pursuit, every now and
then taking a
prisoner until dark, when they rested and camped for the
night.
The next morning
they selected the best runners, the ablest bodied and
the most skilled in
the arts of war, who were sent out to exterminate the
nation, to begin at
the settlement of fort Gau-strau-yea, and so on south
to the other
settlements of the nation.
When the Seneca
invaders came at the fort (Gau-strau-yea), they found it
was evacuated and
all the settlement had fled. The trail they left behind
pointed southward
plainly. The invaders followed to the next settlement
at Gill Creek,
above Niagara Falls, which they found vacated. They still
followed on, bent
on retaliation. They then came to the settlement of
Kah-kwas, which
they also found evacuated. They kept on the pursuit until
they came to the
settlement of the Eries, and also found it evacuated as
the others. Still
they kept on their pursuit, and when they came to the
Alleghany river
they saw pieces floating, which indicated the making of
canoes. They
immediately ascended the river. After they had gone some
ways they found
where the enemies had been encamped, and saw indications
where they had
built several canoes. The fires indicated that they must
have just embarked
that morning and rowed down the river. They they went
down the river some
distance, and finally gave up the chase. The invaders
returned to their
settlement--the Seneca nation. A glorious victory
crowned their
severe trial and labor.
A grand council was
called of the Seneca nation for the just returned
warriors to make
their report of the glory they had won, and the complete
overthrow of the
enemy. After they had finished making their report a
great feast was
made, and after that they were again permitted to smoke
the calumet of
peace, and once more settle down as heretofore, as one of
the bright stars of
heaven, among the several nations of the Iroquois. At
night they had a
general dance, both young and old, irrespective of sex,
to celebrate the
great victory they had won.
The Squawkihows
have never been heard of since, as a nation, to the
present time. It is
supposed that they must have gone in the far west and
changed their name:
but this is merely a supposition. Those that the
Senecas took
captives are still among the different settlements of the
Seneca nation, more
particularly among the Cattaraugus reservation.
That is the way the
Senecas came in possession of so large a dominion.
They held their
domain east of the Genesee river, and also took
possession of the
dominion of the Squawkihows, which run from Lake
Ontario and along
Niagara river and Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line.
The office of the
Queen Ge-keah-sau-sa, of fort Gau-strau-yea, for
several hundred
years (it is said by the Senecas about six hundred years
ago she evacuated
the fort), the Iroquois did not reordain, for the
reason, as it is
alleged by them, that the female is the weaker sex of
humanity.
Physically, it must follow that they are weaker also
mentally,
as it is evinced by
the treachery of the Queen in her easily being
decoyed in making
her rash decision concerning the massacre in the fort,
and also in the
giving up of the Seneca nation in the hands of their
enemy. They
considered it not prudent to vest so much authority in the
weaker sex. And as
no one has been considered capable or worthy of the
high honor that
Ge-keah-sau-wa once reigned, until about twenty-five
years ago, from the
year 1878, there was a Virgin selected from among the
Tonawanda band of
the Seneca nation by the name of Caroline Parker,
sister to Eli
Parker, once in General Grant's staff, and Commissioner of
Indian Affairs, who
was ordained to the high office of Queen, or Ge-keah-
sau-sa. She is now
the wife of a noted Sachem of the Tuscarora nation,
Mr. John Mount
Pleasant, of no common wealth. She is located about two
miles southwest of
the antique fort Gah-strau-yea, or Kienuka, on the
Tuscarora
reservation, where she ever held open her hospitable house,
not
only to the
Iroquois, but of every nation, including the pale faces.
Allegorical
speaking, she has ever had a kettle of hominy hanging over
her fire-place,
ready to appease the hunger of those who trod her
threshold.
* * * *
*
THE NEW
RELIGION.
About the year 1800
a new religion was introduced among the Six Nations,
the exponent of
which alleged to have received a revelation from the
Great Spirit, with
a commission to preach to them the new doctrine in
which he was
instructed. This revelation was received in circumstances
so
remarkable, and the
precepts he sought to inculcate contained in
themselves such
evidences of wisdom and beneficence that he was
universally
received among them, not only as a wise and good man, but
as
one commissioned by
the Great Spirit to become their religious teacher.
The new religion,
as it has ever since been called, embodied all the
precepts of the
ancient faith, recognized the ancient mode of worship
giving it a new
sanction of the Great Spirit, and also comprehend such
new doctrines as
came in aptly, to lengthen out and enlarge the original
system without
impairing it. Charges of imposture and deception were at
first preferred
against him, but disbelief of his divine mission
gradually subsided,
until at the time of his death the whole
unchristianized
portion of the Six Nations had become firm believers in
the new religion,
which to the present day has continued to some extent
as a prevailing
faith.
This singular
person who was destined to obtain such a spiritual sway
over the
descendants of the ancient Iroquois was Ga-ne-o-di-yo, or
"Handsomelake." a
Seneca sachem of the highest class, he was born at the
Indian village of
Ga-no-wau-ges, near Avon, about the year 1735, and died
at Onondaga in
1815, where he happened to be on one of his pastoral
visits. By birth he
was a Seneca of the Turtle clan, and a half brother
to the celebrated
Corn Planter by a common father. The most part of his
life was spent in
idleness and dissipation during which time, although a
sachem and ruler
among the Senecas for many years, and through the most
perilous time of
their history, he acquired no particular reputation.
Reforming late in
life, in his future career he showed himself to be
possessed of
superior talents and to be animated by a sincere and
ardent
desire for the
welfare of his race.
At this period and
for about a century preceeding, the prevailing habit
of intemperance
among the Iroquois was the fruitful source of their
domestic trouble,
this in connection with their political disasters
seemed to threaten
the speedy extinction of their race. A temperance
reformation,
universal and radical, was the main and ultimate object of
the mission which
he assumed, and upon which he chiefly used his
influence and
eloquence through the remainder of his life. To secure a
more speedy
reception of his admonitions, he clothed them with divine
sanction, to
strengthen their moral principles, he enforced anew the
precepts of the
ancient faith; and to insure obedience to his teachings,
he held over the
wicked the terrors of eternal punishment. Going from
village to village
among the several nations of the league, with the
exception of the
christainized Oneidas and Tuscaroras, continuing his
visits from year to
year, preaching the new doctrine with remarkable
effect. Many
abandoned their dissolute habits and became sober and
moral
men; discord and
contentions gave place to harmony and order, and
vagrancy and sloth
to ambition and industry. The origin of this project
has at times been
ascribed to Cornplanter as a means to increase his own
influence, but this
is not only improbable but is expressly denied. The
motives by which
Handsomelake claimed to be actuated were entirely of a
religious and
benevolent character, and in pursuance of the injunctions
of his spiritual
guides.
At the time of his
supernatural visitation, about the year 1800,
Handsomelake
resided at the village of Cornplanter, on the Alleghany
river in the State
of Pennsylvania. As he explained the case to his
brethren, having
lain ill for a long time he had given up all hope of
recovery and
resigned himself to die. When in the hourly expectation of
death, three
spiritual beings in the form of men, sent by the Great
Spirit, appeared
before him, each carried in his hand a shrub bearing
different kinds of
berries, which, having been given him to eat, he was
by their miraculous
virtue immediately restored to health. They afterward
revealed to him the
will of the Great Spirit upon a variety of subjects,
and particularly in
relation to the prevailing intemperance,
commissioning him
to promulgate these doctrines among the league, causing
him to see
realities of the evil-minded, and to behold with his
mortal
eyes the punishment
inflicted upon the wicked, that he might with more
propriety warn his
people of their impending destiny. He was also
permitted to behold
the realm and felicities of the Heavenly residence of
the virtuous. With
his mind thus prepared, and stored with divine
precepts, and with
his zeal enkindled by the dignity of his mission,
Handsomelake at
once commenced his labors.
After his death,
Sase-ha-wa, (Johnson) of Tonawanda, was appointed his
successor. The
first and only person ever "raised up" by the Iroquois,
and invested with
the office of a supreme religious instructor--a sincere
believer in the
verity of Handsomelake's mission, and an eminently pure
and virtuous
man--Sase-ha-wa (Johnson) has devoted himself with zeal
and
fidelity to the
duties of his office, as a spiritual guide and teacher of
the Iroquois. He
was a grand-son of Handsomlake, a nephew of Red Jacket,
and was born at the
Indian village of Ga-no-wan-ges, near Avon, about the
year
1774.
At the condolence
and religious councils of the Iroquois, which are still
held at intervals
of a few years, among the scattered descendants of the
long house, it has
long been customary to set apart portions of two or
three days to
listen to a discourse from Johnson upon the new religion.
On these occasions
he explains minutely the circumstance attending the
supernatural
visitation of Handsomelake, and delivers the instructions,
word for word,
which he had been accustomed to give during his own
ministration.
Handsomelake professed to repeat the messages which were
given to him from
time to time by the celestial visitants, with whom he
alleged to be in
frequent communication, and whom he addressed as his
spiritual guardian,
thus enforcing his precepts as the direct command of
the Great
Spirit.
At their councils
and religious, festivals, it was customary for the
chiefs and keepers
of the faith to express their confidence in the new
religion, and to
exhort others to strengthen their beliefs. The late
Abraham La Fort, an
educated Onondaga Sachem, thus expressed himself upon
this subject at a
condolence council of the league, held at Tonawanda as
late as October,
1847.
"Let us observe the
operations of nature. The year is divided into
seasons, and every
season has its fruits. The birds of the air, though
clothed in the same
dress of feathers, are divided into many classes, and
one class is never
seen to associate or intermingle with any but its own
kind. So with the
beasts of the field and woods. Each and every class and
specie have their
own separate rules by which they seem to be governed,
and by which their
actions are regulated. These distinctions, classes and
colors the Great
Spirit has seen fit to make. But the rule does not stop
here. It is
universal. It embraces man also. The human race was
created
and divided into
different classes, which were placed separate from each
other--having
different customs, manners, laws and religions. To the
Indians it seems
that no more religion had originally been than was to be
found in the
operations of nature, which taught him that there was a
Supreme Being, all
powerful and all wise; and on this account, as well as
on account of his
great goodness, they learned to love and reverence Him.
But these later
times, when the restless and ambitious spirit of the
whiteskinned race
had crossed the boundary line and made inroads upon the
manners, customs
and primitive religion of the Indian, the Great Spirit
determined to and
through His servant, Handsomelake, did reveal his will
to the Indians. The
substance of that will was no more than to confirm
their ancient
belief that they were entitled to a different religion--a
religion adapted to
their customs, manners and ways of thinking."
As the discourses
delivered by Johnson from time to time contains a very
full exposition of
their ancient beliefs and mode of worship, together
with the recent
views introduced by Handsomelake, mingled up in one
collection,
presenting probably a better idea of their ethical and
religious system
than could be conveyed in any other manner, it is given
entire, and will
explain itself as delivered, thus:
"The Mohawks, the
Onondagas, the Senecas, and our children, the Oneidas,
Cayugas and
Tuscaroras, have assembled here to-day to listen to the
repetition of the
will of the Great Spirit, as communicated to us from
heaven through His
servant, Handsomelake.
"Chiefs, warriors,
women and children, we give you a cordial welcome. The
sun has advanced
far in its path, and I am warned that my time to
instruct you is
limited to the meridian sun. I must hasten to perform my
duty. Turn you
minds to the Great Spirit, and listen with strict
attention. Think
seriously upon what I am about to speak. Reflect upon it
well, that it may
benefit you and your children. I thank the Great Spirit
that He has spared
the lives of so many of you to be present on this
occasion. I return
thanks to Him that my life is yet spared. The Great
Spirit looked down
from Heaven upon the suffering and the wanderings of
the red children.
He saw that they had greatly decreased and degenerated.
He saw the ravages
of the firewater among them. He therefore raised up
for them a sacred
inspiration, who, having lived and traveled among them
for sixteen years,
was called from his labors to enjoy eternal felicity
with the Great
Spirit In Heaven. Be patient while I speak. I cannot at
all times arrange
and prepare my thoughts with precision. But I will
relate what my
memory bears.
"It was in the
month of June when Handsomelake was yet sick. He had been
ill for years. He
was accustomed to tell us that he had resigned himself
to the will of the
Great Spirit. 'I nightly returned my thanks to the
Great Spirit,' said
he, 'as my eyes were gladdened at evening by the
sight of the stars
of heaven. I viewed the ornamental heaven at evening
through the opening
in the roof of my lodge, with grateful feelings to my
Creator. I had no
assurance that I should at the next evening contemplate
His works. For this
reason my acknowledgment to Him was more fervent and
sincere. When night
was gone, and the sun again shed its light upon the
earth, I saw and
acknowledged in the return of day His continued goodness
to me and to all
mankind. At length, I began to have an inward conviction
that my end was
near. I resolved once more to exchange friendly words
with my people, and
I sent my daughter to summon my brothers Cornplanter
and Blacksnake. She
hastened to do his bidding, but before she returned
he had fallen into
insensibility and apparent death. Blacksnake, upon
returning to the
lodge, hastened to his brother's couch and discovered
that portions of
his body were yet warm. This happened at early day
before the morning
dew had dried. When the sun had advanced half way to
the meridian his
heart began to beat, and he opened his eyes. Blacksnake
asked him if he was
in his right mind, but he answered not. At meridian
he again opened his
eyes, and the same question was repeated. He then
answered and said,
'A man spoke from without and some one might come
forth. I looked and
saw some men standing without. I rose, and as I
attempted to step
over the threshold of my door I stumbled, and should
have fallen had
they not caught me. They were three holy men who looked
alike and were
dressed alike. The paint they wore seemed but a day old.
Each held in his
hand a shrub bearing different kinds of fruits. One
of them addressing
me said, 'We have come to comfort and relieve you;
take of these
berries and eat; they will restore you to health: we have
been witnesses of
your lengthy illness; we have seen with what
resignation you
have given yourself up to the Great Spirit: we have heard
your daily return
of thanks; He has heard them all; His ear has ever been
open to hear; you
was thankful for the return of night, when you could
contemplate the
beauties of heaven; you was accustomed to look upon the
moon as it coursed
in its mighty paths; when there were no hopes to you
that you would
again behold these things, you willingly resigned
yourself, to the
mind of the Great Spirit; this is right; since, the
Great Spirit made
the earth and put man upon it, we have been His
constant servants
to guard and protect His works; there are four of us;
some other time you
will be permitted to see the other; the Great Spirit
is pleased to know
your patient resignation to His will; as a reward for
yonr devotion He
has cured your sickness; tell your people to assemble
to-morrow, and at
morn go in and speak to them.' After they had
further revealed
their intentions concerning him they departed.
"At the time
appointed Handsomelake appeared at the council and thus
addressed the
people upon the revelations which had been made to him:
"'I have a message
to deliver to you. The servant of the Great Spirit has
told me that I
should yet live upon the earth to become an instructor to
my people. Since
the creation of man the Great Spirit has often raised up
men to teach his
children what they should do to please him; but they
have been
unfaithful to their trust. I hope I shall profit by their
example. Your
Creator has seen that you have transgressed greatly
against
His laws. He made
men pure and good. He did not intend that he should
sin. You create a
great sin in taking the firewater. The Great Spirit
says you must
abandon this enticing habit. Your ancestors have brought
great misery upon
you. They first took the firewater of the white man,
and entailed upon
you its consequences. None of them have gone to heaven.
The firewater does
not belong to you. It was made by the white man beyond
the great waters.
For the white man it is a medicine; but they, too, have
violated the will
of their Maker. The Great Spirit says drunkenness is a
great crime, and He
forbids you to indulge in this evil habit. His
command is to the
old and young. The abandonment of its use will relieve
much of your
sufferings, and greatly increase the comforts and
happiness
of your children.
The Great Spirit is grieved that so much crime and
wickedness should
defile the earth. There are many evils which He never
intended should
exist among His red children. The Great Spirit has for
many wise reasons
withheld from man the number of his days, but He has
not left him
without a guide, for He has pointed out to him the path in
which he may safely
tread the journey of life.
"'When the Great
Spirit made man He also made woman. He instituted
marriage, and
enjoined upon them to love each other and be faithful. It
is pleasing to Him
to see men and women obey His will. Your Creator
abhors a deceiver
and a hypocrite. By obeying His commands you will die
an easy and happy
death. When the Great Spirit instituted marriage He
ordained to bless
those who were faithful with children. Some women are
unfaithful and
others become so by misfortune. Such have great
opportunities to do
much good. There are many orphans and poor children
whom they can adopt
as their own. If you tie up the clothes of an orphan
child the Great
Spirit will notice it and reward you for it. Should an
orphan ever cross
your path be kind to him and treat him with tenderness,
for this is right.
Parents must constantly teach their children morality
and reverence for
their Creator. Parents must also guard their children
against improper
marriages. They, having much experience, should select a
suitable match for
their child. When the parents of both parties have
agreed, then bring
the young pair together and let them know what good
their parents have
designed for them. If in time they so far disagree
that they cannot
possibly live contented and happy with each other they
may separate in
mutual good feeling, and in this it is no wrong.
"'When a child is
born to a husband and wife they must give great thanks
to the Great
Spirit, for it is His gift and an evidence of His
kindness.
Let parents
instruct their children in their duty to the Great Spirit,
to
their parents and
to their fellowmen. Children should obey their parents
and guardians, and
submit to them in all things. Disobedient children
occasion great pain
and misery. They wound their parents' feelings and
often drive them to
desperation, cause them great distress and final
admission into the
place of evil spirit. The marriage obligations should
generate good to
all who have assumed them. Let the married be faithful
to each other, that
when they die it may be in peace. Children should
never permit their
parents to suffer in their old age. Be kind to them,
and support them.
The Great Spirit requires all children to love, revere
and obey their
parents. To do this is highly pleasing to Him. The
happiness of
parents is greatly increased by the affection and the
attention of their
children. To abandon a wife or children is a great
wrong, and produces
many evils. It is wrong for a father or mother-in-law
to vex a son or
daughter-in-law, but they should use them as if they were
their own children.
It often happens that parents hold angry disputes
over their infant
child. This is also a great sin. The infant hears and
comprehends the
angry words of its parents. It feels bad and lonely. It
can see for itself
no happiness in prospect. It concludes to return to
its Maker. It wants
a happy home, and dies. The parents then weep
because their child
has left them. You must put this evil practice from
among you if you
would live happy.
"'The Great Spirit
when He made the earth never intended that it should be
made merchandise,
but His will is that all His creatures should enjoy it
equally. Your
chiefs have violated and betrayed their trust by selling
lands. Nothing is
now left of our once large pobsessions save a few small
reservations.
Chiefs and aged men, you, as men, have no lands to sell.
You occupy and
possess tract in trust for your children. You should hold
that trust sacred,
lest your children are driven from their homes by your
unsafe conduct.
Whoever sells land offends the Great Spirit, and must
expect a great
punishment after death.'"
Johnson here
suspended the naration of the discourse of Handsomelake's,
and thus addressed
the council:
"Chiefs, keepers of
the faith, warriors, women and children--You all know
that our religion
teaches that the early day is dedicated to the Great
Spirit, and that
the late day is granted to the spirits of the dead. It
is now meridian,
and I must close. Preserve in your minds that which has
been said. Accept
my thanks for your kind and patient attention. It is
meet that I should
also return my thanks to the Great Spirit that he has
assisted me thus
far in my feeble frame to instruct you. We ask you all
to come up again
to-morrow at early day, to hear what further may be
said. I have
done."
The next morning,
after the council had been opened in the usual manner,
Johnson thus
continued.
"Relatives, uncover
now your heads and listen. The day has thus far
advanced, and again
gathered around the council-fire I see around me the
several nations of
the long house. This gives me great joy. I see also
seated around me my
counselors (keepers of the faith), who have been
regularly
appointed, as is the custom of our religion. Greetings
have
been exchanged with
each other. Thanks have been returned to
Handsomelake.
Thanks also have been returned to our Creator by the
council now
assembled. At this moment the Great Spirit is looking upon
this assembly. He
hears our words, knows our thoughts, and is always
pleased to see us
gathered together of good. The sun is now high, and
soon it will reach
the middle heavens. I must therefore make haste.
Listen attentively,
and consider well what you shall hear. I return
thanks to our
Creator, that He has spared your lives through the dangers
of the darkness. I
salute and return my thanks to the four Celestial
Beings who have
communicated what I am about to say to you. I return
thanks to my
grandfather (Handsomelake), from whom you first heard what
I
am about to speak.
We all feel his loss. We miss him at our councils. I
now occupy his
place before you, but I am conscious that I have not the
power which he
possessed.
"Counselors,
warriors, mother sand children--Listen to good
instruction.
Consider it well.
Lay it up in your hearts, and forget it not. Our
Creator when He
made us designed that we should live by hunting. It
sometimes happens
that a man goes out for to hunt, leaving his wife with
his friends. After
a long absence he returns and finds that his wife has
taken another
husband. The Great Spirit says this is a great sin, and
must be put from
among us.
"The four
messengers further said that it was wrong for a mother to
punish a child with
a rod. It is not right to punish much, and our
Creator never
intended that children should be punished with a whip or
be
used with much
violence. In punishing a refractory child water only is
necessary, and it
is sufficient. Plunge them under. This is not wrong.
Whenever a child
promises to do better the punishment must cease. It is
wrong to continue
it after promises of amendment are made. Thus they
said.
"It is right and
proper always to look upon the dead. Let your face be
brought near to
theirs, and address them. Let the dead know that their
absence is
regretted by their friends, and that they grieve for their
death. Let the dead
know, too, how their surviving friends intend to
live. Let them know
whether they will so conduct themselves that they
will meet them
again in the future world. The dead will hear and
remember. Thus they
said.
"Continue to listen
while I proceed to relate what further they said. Our
Creator made the
earth. Upon it He placed man, and gave him certain rules
of conduct. It
pleased Him also to give them many kinds of amusement. He
also ordered that
the earth should produce all that is good for man. So
long as he remains,
it will not cease to yield. Upon the surface of the
ground berries of
various kinds are produced. It is the will of the Great
Spirit that when
they ripen we should return our thanks to Him, and have
a public rejoicing
for the continuance of these blessings. He made
everything which we
live upon, and requires us to be thankful at all
times for the
continuance of His favors. When our life (corn, &c,),
has
again appeared, it
is the will of the Great Spirit that we assemble for a
general
thanksgiving. It is His will also that His children be
brought
and to participate
in the feather dance. Your feast must consist of the
new production. It
is proper at these times, should any present not have
their names
published, or any changes have been made, to announce them
then.
"The festival must
last four days. Thus they said. Upon the first day must
be performed the
feather dance. This ceremony must take place in the
early day, and
cease at the middle day. In the same manner, upon the
second day, is to
be performed the Thanksgiving dance. On the third, the
Thanksgiving
concert. Ah-do-weh is to be introduced. The fourth day is
set apart for the
peach-stone game. All these ceremonies instituted by
our Creator must be
commenced at early day, and cease at the middle day.
At all these times
we are required to return thanks to our Grandfather
Heno (Thunder) and
his assistants. To them is assigned the duty of
watching over the
earth and all its produces for our good. The great
Feather and
Thanksgiving dances are the appropriate ceremonies of
Thanksgiving to the
Ruler and Maker of all things. The Thanksgiving
concert belongs
appropriately to our grandfathers. In it we return thanks
to them. During the
performance of this ceremony we are required also to
give them the smoke
of tobacco. Again we must at this time return thanks
to our mother--the
earth--for she is our relative. We must also return
thanks to our life
and its sister. All these things are required to be
done by the light
of the sun. It must not be protracted until the sun has
hid its face and
darkness surrounds all things.
"Continue to
listen. We have a change of season. We have a season of
cold. This is the
hunting season. It is also one in which the people can
amuse themselves.
Upon the fifth day of the new moon Nis-go-wuk-na (about
February 1st), we
are required to commence the annual jubilee of
thanksgiving to our
Creator. At this festival all can give evidence of
their devotion to
the will of the Great Spirit, by participating in all
of its
ceremonies.
"Continue to
listen. The four Messengers of the Great Spirit have
always
watched over us,
and have ever seen what was transpiring among men. At
some times
Handsomelake was transported by them to the regions above.
He
looked down upon
the earth and saw an assembly. Out of it came a man. His
garments were torn,
tattered, and filthy. His whole appearance indicated
great misery and
poverty. They asked him how this spectacle appeared to
him. He replied
that it was hard to look upon. They then told him that
the man he saw was
a drunkard; that he had taken the firewater and it had
reduced him to
poverty. Again he looked and saw a woman, seated on the
ground. She was
constantly engaged in gathering up and secreting about
her person her
worldly effects. They said the woman you see is
inhospitable. She
is selfish to spare anything, and will never leave her
worldly goods. She
can never pass from earth to heaven. Tell this to your
people. Again he
looked, and saw a man carrying in each hand large pieces
of meat. He went
about the assembly to give each a piece. This man they
said is blessed,
for he is hospitable and kind. He looked again, and saw
streams of blood.
They said thus will the earth be if the firewater is
not put from among
you. Brother will kill brother, and friend kill
friend. Again they
told him to look towards the east. He obeyed as far as
his vision reached.
He saw the increasing smoke of numberless
distilleries
arising and shutting out the light of the sun. It was a
horrible spectacle
to witness. They told him that here was the place that
manufactured the
firewater. Again he looked, and saw a costly house, made
and furnished by
the pale faces. It was a house of confinement where were
fetters, ropes and
whips. They said those who persisted in the use of
firewater would
fall into this. Our Creator commands us to put this
destructive vice
far from us. Again he looked and saw various
assemblages. Some
of them were unwilling to listen to instruction. They
were rioters and
took great pride in drinking the strong waters. He
observed another
group who were half inclined to hear, but the
temptations of vice
that surrounded them allured them back, and they also
revelled in the
fumes of the firewater. He saw another assemblage who had
met to hear
instruction. This they said was pleasing to the Great
Spirit.
He loves those who
will listen and obey. It has grieved Him that His
children are now
divided by separate interests, and are pursuing so many
paths. It pleases
Him to see His people live together in harmony and
quiet. The
firewater creates many dissensions and divisions among us.
They said the use
of it would cause many to die unnatural deaths.
Many will be
exposed to cold and freeze. Many will be burned, and
others
will be drowned
while under the influence of the firewater.
"Friends and
relations, all these things have often happened. How many
of
our people have
frozen to death, how many have burned to death: how many
have been drowned,
while under the influence of the strong water. The
punishment of those
who use the firewater commences while they are yet on
the earth. Many are
now thrown into houses of confinement by the pale
faces. I repeat to
you the Ruler of us all requires us to unite and put
this evil from
among us. Some say the use of the firewater is not wrong,
and that it is
food. Let those who do not believe it is wrong make this
experiment: Let all
who use the firewater assemble and organize into a
council, and those
who do not into another council near them. A great
difference will
then be discovered. The council of drunkards will end in
a riot and tumult,
while the other will have harmony and quiet. It is
hard to think of
the great prevalence of this evil among us. Reform, and
put it from among
you. Many resolve to use the firewater until near
death, when they
will repent. If they do this nothing can save them from
destruction, for
medicine can then have no power. Thus they said.
"All men were made
equal by the Great Spirit, but He has given them a
variety of gifts.
To some a pretty face, to others an ugly one: to some a
comely form, to
others a deformed figure; some are fortunate in
collecting around
them worldly goods; but you are all entitled to the
same privileges,
and therefore must put pride from among you. You are not
your own maker, nor
the builders of your own fortunes; all things are the
gifts of the Great
Spirit, and to Him must be returned thanks for their
bestowal; He alone
must be acknowledged as the giver. It has pleased Him
to make differences
among men, but it is wrong for one man to exalt
himself above
another. Love each other, for you are all brothers and
sisters of the same
great family. The Great Spirit enjoins upon all to
observe hospitality
and kindness, especially to the needy and helpless,
for this is
pleasing to Him. If a stranger wanders about your abode,
speak to him with
kind words; be hospitable toward him; welcome him to
your home, and
forget not always to mention the Great Spirit. In the
morning give thanks
to the Great Spirit for the return of day and the
light of the sun.
At night renew your thanks to Him that His ruling power
has preserved you
from harm during the day and that night has again come
in which you may
rest your wearied bodies.
"The four
messengers said further to Handsomelake, 'Tell your people,
and
particularly the
keeper of the faith, to be strong-minded and adhere to
the true faith. We
fear the evil-minded will go among them with
tempations. He may
introduce the fiddle; he may bring cards and leave
them among you; the
use of these is a great sin. Let the people be on
their guard and the
keepers of the faith be watchful and vigilant that
none of these evils
may find their way among the people. Let the keepers
of the faith
preserve the law of moral conduct in all its purity. When
meetings are to be
held for instruction and the people are preparing to
go, the evil-minded
is then busy. He goes from one to another whispering
many temptations,
by which to keep them away. He will even follow persons
into the door of
the council and induce some at that time to bend their
steps away; many
resist until they have entered, and then leave. This
habit once indulged
in, obtains fast hold and the evil propensity
increases with age.
This is a great sin, and should be at once abandoned.
Thus they
said.'
"Speak evil of no
one; if you can say no good of a person, then be
silent; let all be
mindful of this, for these are the words of our
Creator. Let all
strive to cultivate friendship with those who surround
them. This is
pleasing to the Great Spirit.
"Counselors,
warriors, women and children--I shall now rest. I thank
you
all for you kind
and patient attention. I thank the Great Spirit that He
has spared the
lives of so many of us to witness this day. I request you
all to come up
again to-morrow at early day. Let us all hope that until
we meet again the
Creator and Ruler of us all may be kind to us and
preserve our lives,
na-ho."
The council on the
following day was opened with a few short speeches by
some of the chiefs
or keepers of the faith, returning thanks for the
privileges of the
occasion, as usual at councils; after which Johnson,
resuming his
discourse, spoke as follows:
"Friends and
relatives, uncover now you heads. Continue to listen to my
rehearsal of the
saying communicated to Handsomelake by the four
messengers of the
Great Spirit. We have met again around the council
fire. We have
followed the ancient custom and greeted each other. This
is
right and highly
pleasing to our Maker. He now looks down upon this
assemblage; He sees
us all; He is informed of the cause of our gathering,
and it is pleasing
to Him. Life is uncertain; while we live let us love
each other; let us
sympathize always with the suffering and needy; let us
also always rejoice
with those who are glad. This is now the third day,
and my time for
speaking to you is drawing to a close. It will be a long
time before we meet
again; many moons and seasons will have passed before
the sacred
council-brand be again uncovered; be watchful, therefore,
and
remember faithfully
what you may now hear.
"In discoursing
yesterday upon the duties of the keepers of the faith, I
omitted some
important things. The Great Spirit created this office; He
designed that its
duties should never end. There are some who are
selected and set
apart by our Maker to perform the duties of this office;
it is therefore
their duty to be faithful, and to be always watching.
These duties they
must ever perform during their lives. The faithful when
they leave this
earth will have a pleasant path to travel. The same
office exists in
heaven, the home of our Creator. They will take the same
place when they
arrive there. There are dreadful penalties awiting those
keepers of the
faith who resign their office without a cause. Thus they
said.
"It was the
original intention of our Maker that all our feasts of
thanksgiving should
be seasoned with the flesh of wild animals, but we
are surrounded by
the pale faces, and in a short time the woods will all
be removed: then
there will be no game for the Indians to use in their
feasts. The four
messengers said in consequence of this that we might use
the flesh of
domestic animals. This will not be wrong. The pale faces
are
pressing upon every
side. You must therefore live as they do. How far you
can do so without
sin I will now tell you. You may grow cattle and for
yourselves a
comfortable dwelling house. This is not sin, and it is all
you can safely
adopt of the customs of the pale faces. You cannot live as
they do. Thus they
said.
"Continue to
listen. It has pleased our Creator to set apart as our
life
the three Sisters.
For this special favor let us ever be thankful. When
we have gathered in
our harvest let the people assemble and hold a
general
thanksgiving for so great a good. In this way you will show
your
obedience to the
will and pleasure of your Creator. Thus they said.
"Many of you are
ignorant of the spirit of medicine. It watches over us
constantly, and
assists the needy whenever necessity requires. The Great
Spirit designed
that some man should possess the gift and skill in
medicine, but He is
pained to see a medicine man making exorbitant
charges for
attending the sick. Our Creator made for us tobacco. This
plant must always
be used in administering medicine. When a sick person
recovers his health
he must return his thanks to the Great Spirit by
means of tobacco,
for it is by His goodness that he is made well.
He blesses the
medicine, and the medicine man must receive as a reward
whatever the
gratitude of the restored may tender. This is right and
proper. There are
many that are unfortunate and cannot pay for
attendance. It is
sufficient for such to return thanks to the medicine
man upon recovery.
The remembrance that he has saved the life of a
relative will be a
sufficient reward.
"Listen further to
what the Great Spirit has been pleased to communicate
to us. He has made
us, as a race, separate and distinct from the pale
faces. It is a
great sin to intermarry and intermingle the blood of the
two races. Let none
be guilty of this transgression.
"At one time the
four messengers said to Handsomelake, 'Lest the people
should disbelieve
you and not repent and forsake their evil ways, we will
now disclose to you
the house of torment, the dwelling place of the
evil-minded.'
Handsomelake was particular in describing to us all that
he
witnessed, and the
course which departed spirits were accustomed to take
on leaving the
earth. There was a road which led upward; at a certain
point it branched;
one branch led straight forward to the house of the
Great Spirit, and
the other turned aside to the house of torment; at the
place where the
roads separated were stationed two keepers, one
representing the
good and the other the evil spirit; when a person
reached the fork,
if wicked, by a motion of the evil keeper, he turned
instinctively upon
the road which led to the abode of the evil-minded;
but if virtuous and
good, the other keeper directed him upon the straight
road; the latter
was not much traveled, while the former was so
frequently trodden
that no grass could grow in the pathway. It sometimes
happens that the
keepers have great difficulty in deciding which path the
person should take,
when the good and bad actions of the individual were
nearly balanced.
Those sent to the house of torment sometimes remain one
day, (which is one
year with us); some for a longer period. After they
have atoned for
their sins they pass to heaven; but when they have
committed either of
the great sins, (witchcraft, murder, or infantcide),
they never pass to
heaven, but are tormented forever. Having conducted
Handsomelake to
this place, he saw a large dark-colored mansion,
covered with soot,
and beside it stood a lesser one. One of the four then
held out his rod,
and the top of the house moved up until they could look
down upon all that
was within. He saw many rooms. The first object which
met his eyes was a
haggard-looking man, his sunken eyes cast upon the
ground, and his
form half consumed by the torments he had undergone. This
man was a drunkard.
The evil-minded then appeared and called him by name.
As the man obeyed
his call, he dipped from a caldron a quantity of red-
hot liquid and
commanded him to drink it, as it was an article he loved.
The man did as he
was commanded, and immediately from his mouth issued a
stream of blaze. He
cried in vain for help. The tormentor then requested
him to sing and
make himself merry as he had done while on earth, after
drinking the
firewater. Let drunkards take warning from this. Others
were
then summoned.
There came before him two persons who appeared to be
husband and wife.
He told them to exercise the privilege they were so
fond of while on
earth. They immediately commenced a quarrel of words.
They raged at each
other with such violence that their tongues and eyes
ran out so far they
could neither see nor speak. This, said they, is the
punishment of
quarrelsome and disputing husbands and wives. Let such
also
take warning, and
lie together in peace and harmony. Next he called up a
woman who had been
a witch. First he plunged her into a caldron of
boiling liquid. In
her cries of distress she begged the evil-minded to
give her some
cooler place. He then immersed her into one containing
liquid at the point
of freezing. Her cries were then that she was too
cold. This woman,
said the four messengers, shall always be tormented in
this manner. He
proceeded to mention the punishment which awaits all
those who cruelly
ill-treat their wives. The evil-minded next called up a
man who had been
accustomed to beat his wife. Having led him up to a red-
hot statue of a
woman, he directed him to do that which he was fond of
while upon earth.
He obeyed, and struck the figure. The sparks flew in
every direction,
and by the contact his arm was consumed. Such is the
punishment, they
said, awaiting those who ill-treat their wives. From
this take
seasonable warning. He looked again and saw a woman, whose
arms
and hands were
nothing but bones. She had sold firewater to the Indians,
and the flesh was
eaten from her hands and arms. This, they said, would
be the fate of
rum-sellers. Again he looked, and in one apartment saw and
recognized
Ho-ne-ya-wus (farmer's brother), his former friend. He was
engaged in removing
a heap of sand, grain by grain, and although he
labored
continually, yet the heap was not diminished. This, they
said,
was the punishment
of those who sold land. Adjacent to the house of
torment was a field
of corn filled with weeds. He saw a woman in the
act of cutting them
down, but as fast as this was done they grew up
again. This, they
said, was the punishment of lazy women. It would be
proper and right,
had we time, to tell more of this place of punishment,
but my time is
limited and must pass to other things.
"The Creator made
men dependent upon each other. He made them sociable
beings: therefore,
when your neighbors visit you set food before them. If
it be your next
door neighbor, you must give him to eat. He will partake
and thank
you."
"Again they said,
'You must not steal.' Should you want for anything
necessary, you have
only to tell your wants and they will be supplied.
This is right. Let
none ever steal anything. Children are often tempted
to take things home
which do not belong to them. Let parents instruct
their children in
this rule.
"Many of our people
live to a very old age. Your Creator says that your
deportment toward
them must be that of reverence and affection. They
have seen and felt
much of the miseries and pains of earth. Be always
kind to them when
old and helpless. Wash their hands and face and nurse
them with care.
This is the will of the Great Spirit.
"It has been the
custom among us to mourn for the dead one year. This
custom is wrong. As
it causes the death of many children, it must be
abandoned. Ten days
mourn for the dead, and not longer. When one dies, it
is right and proper
to make an address over the body, telling how much
you loved the
deceased. Great respect for the dead must be observed
among
us.
"At another time
the four messengers said to Handsomelake that they would
show him the
destroyer of Villages (Washington), of whom you have so
often heard. Upon
the road leading to heaven he could see a light, far
away in the
distance, moving to and fro. Its brightness far exceeded
the
brilliancy of the
noonday sun. They told him the journey was as follows:
First they came to
a cold spring, which was a resting place; from this
point they
proceeded into pleasant fairy grounds, which spread away
in
every direction:
soon they reached heaven; the light was dazzling:
berries of every
description grew in vast abundance: the size and quality
were such that a
single berry was more than sufficient to appease the
appetite: a sweet
fragrance perfumed the air; fruits of every kind met
the eye. The
inmates of this celestial abode spent their time in
amusement and
repose. No evil could enter there. None in heaven ever
transgress again:
families are reunited and dwell together in harmony:
they possessed a
bodily form, the senses and the remembrance of earthly
life; but no white
man ever enters heaven. Thus they said. He looked and
saw an inclosure
upon a plain, just without the entrance of heaven.
Within it was a
fort. Here he saw the 'destroyer of villages,' walking to
and fro within the
inclosure. His countenance indicated a great and good
man. They said to
Handsomelake, 'The man you see is the only pale face
that ever left the
earth; he was kind to you when on the settlement of
the great
difficulty between the Americans and the Great Crown
(Great
Britain), you were
abandoned to the mercy of your enemies. The Crown told
the great American
that as for his allies, the Indians, he might kill
them if he liked.
The great American judged that this would be cruel and
unjust; he believed
they were made by the Great Spirit, and were entitled
to the enjoyments
of life; he was kind to you and extended over you his
protection: for
this reason he has been allowed to leave the earth. But
he is never
permitted to go into the presence of the Great Spirit.
Although alone, he
is perfectly happy. All faithful Indians pass by him
as they go to
heaven. They see him and recognize him, but pass on in
silence. No words
ever pass his lips.
"Frieads and
relatives, it was by the influence of this great man that
we were spared as a
people, and yet live. Had he not granted as his
protection, where
would we have been? Perished--all perished.
"The four
messengers further said to Handsomelake that they were
fearful
that unless the
people repent and obey his consmands, the forbearance and
patience of the
Creator would be exhausted; that He would grow angry
with them and cause
their increase to cease.
"Our Creator, made
light and darkness; He made the sun to heat and
shine over the
world; He made the moon, also, to shine by night and to
cool the world, if
the sun make it too hot by day. The keeper of the
clouds, by
direction of the Great Spirit, will then cease to act. The
keeper of the
springs and running brooks will cease to rule them for the
good of man. The
sun will cease to fulfil its office. Total darkness will
then cover the
earth. A great smoke will rise and spread over the face of
the earth. Then
will come out of it all monsters and poisonous animals
created by the
evil-minded, and they, with the wicked upon the earth,
will perish
together.
"But before this
dreadful time shall come, the Great Spirit will take
home to Himself all
the good and faithful. They will lay themselves down
to sleep, and from
this sleep of death they will arise and go home to
their Creator. Thus
they said.
"I have done. I
close thus, that you may remember and understand the fate
which awaits the
earth, the unfaithful and the unbelieving. Our Creator
looks down upon us.
The four Beings from above see us. They witness with
pleasure this
assemblage, and rejoice at the object for which it is
gathered. It is now
forty-eight years since we first began to listen to
the renewed will of
our Creator. I have been unable, during the time
alloted to me, to
rehearse all the savings of Ga-ne-o-di-yo
(Handsomelake); I
regret very much that you cannot hear them all.
"Counselors,
warriors, women and children, I have done. I thank you all
for your
attendance, and for your kind and patient attention. May
the
Great Spirit, who
rules all things, watch over and protect you from every
harm and danger
while you travel the journey of life. May the Great
Spirit bless all,
and bestow upon you life health, peace and prosperity:
and may you in turn
appreciate His great goodness. This is all."
Sketches of an
Iroquois Council, or Condolence.
In giving the
description of the condolence, I have chosen the following
writings of Mr. G.
S. Riley, of Rochester, to-wit:
A grand council of
the confederate Iroquois was held Octobcr 1, 1845, at
the Indian
councilhouse, on the Tonawanda reservation, in the county
of
Genesee. Its
proceedings occupied three days. It embraced
representatives
from all the six
nations--the Mohawk, the Onondaga, the Seneca, the
Oneida, the Cayuga,
and the Tuscarora. It is the only one of the kind
which has been held
for a number of years, and is probably the last which
will ever be
assembled with a full representation of the confederate
nations.
The Indians from
abroad arrived at the council-grounds, or the immediate
vicinity, two days
previous, and one of the most interesting spectacles
of the occasion was
the entry of the different nations upon the domain
and hospitality of
the Senecas, on whose grounds the council was to be
held. The
representation of the Mohawks, coming as they did from
Canada,
was necessarily
small. The Onondagas, with acting Todotahhoh, of the
confederacy, and
his two counselors, made an exceedingly creditable
appearance. Nor was
the array of the Tuscaroras, in point of numbers, at
least, deficient in
attractive and improving features.
We called upon and
were presented to Black Smith, the most influential
and authoritative
of the Seneca sachems. He is about sixty years old, is
somewhat portly, is
easy enough in his manners, and is well disposed, and
even kindly towards
all who convinced him that they have no sinister
designs in coming
among his people.
Jemmy Johnson is
the great high priest of the confederacy. Though now
sixty-nine years
old, he is yet an erect, fine-looking and energetic
Indian, and is
hospitable and intelligent. He is in possession of the
medal presented by
Washington to Red Jacket in 1792, which, among other
things of interest,
he showed us.
It would be
imcompatible with the present purpose to describe all the
interesting men who
were assembled, among whom were Captain Frost,
Messrs. Le Fort,
Hill, John Jacket, Dr. Wilson and others. We spent much
of the time during
the week in conversation with the chiefs and most
intelligent Indians
of the different nations, and gleaned from them much
information of the
highest interest, in relation to the organization,
government, laws,
religion and customs of the people and characteristics
of the great men of
the old and once powerful confederacy. It is a
singular fact, that
the peculiar government and national characteristics
of the Iroquois is
a most interesting field of research and inquiry,
which has never
been very thoroughly, if at all, investigated, although
the historic events
which marked the proud career of the confederacy have
been perseveringly
sought and treasured up in the writings of Stone,
Schoolcraft,
Hosmer, Yates and others.
Many of the Indians
speak English readily, but with the aid and
interpretations of
Mr. Ely S. Parker, a young Seneca of no ordinary
degree of
attainment in both scholarship and general inteligence,
and
who, with Le Fort,
the Onondaga, is well versed in old Iroquois matters,
we had no
difficulty in conversing with any and all we chose to.
About midday on
Wednesday, October 1, the council commenced. The
ceremonies with
which it was opened and conducted were certainly unique--
almost
indescribable; and as its proceedings were in the Seneca
tongue,
they were in a
great measure unintelligible, and in fact, profoundly
mysterious to the
pale faces. One of the chief objects for which the
council had been
convoked, was to fill two vacancies in the Sachems of
the Senecas, which
had been made by the death of the former incumbents;
and preceding the
installation of the candidates for the succession there
was a general and
dolorous lament for the deceased Sachems, the utterance
of which, together
with the repetition of the laws of the confederacy,
the installation of
the new Sachems, the impeachment and disposition of
three unfaithful
Sachems, the elevation of others in their stead, and the
performance of the
various ceremonies attendant upon these proceedings,
consumed the
principal part of the afternoon.
At the setting of
the sun a bountiful repast, consisting of an
innumerable number
of rather formidable looking chunks of boiled fresh
beef, and abundance
of bread and succotash, was brought into the council
house. The manner
of saying grace on this occasion was indeed peculiar. A
kettle being
brought, hot and smoking from the fire, and placed in the
center of the
council house, there proceeded from a single person, in a
high shrill key, a
prolonged and monotonous sound, resembling that of the
syllable _wah_ or
_yah_. This was immediately followed by a
responsive but
protracted tone, the syllable _whe_ or _swe_,
and this concluded
grace. It was impossible not to be somewhat mirthfully
affected at the
first hearing of grace said in this novel manner. It is,
however,
pleasurable to reflect that the Indians recognize the duty
of
rendering thanks to
the Divine Being in some formal way for the bounties
and enjoyments
which He bestows; and, were an Indian to attend a public
feast among his
pace faced brethren, he would be affected perhaps to a
greater degree of
marvel at witnessing a total neglect of this ceremony
than we were at his
singular way of performing it.
After supper
commenced the dances. All day Tuesday and on Wednesday, up
to the time that
the places of the deceased Sachems had been filled,
everything like
undue joyfulness had been restrained. This was required
by the respect
customarily due to the distinguished dead. But now the
bereaved Sachems
being again filled, all were to give utterance of
gladness and joy. A
short speech by Capt. Frost, introductory to the
enjoyments of the
evening, was received with acclamatory approbation, and
soon eighty or
ninety of these sons and daughters of the forest--the old
men and the young,
the maidens and the matrons--were engaged in the
dance. It was
indeed a rare sight.
Only two varieties
of dancing were introduced the first evening, the
trotting dance and
the fish dance. The figures of either are exceedingly
simple, and but
slightly different from each other. In the first named,
the dancers all
move round a circle in a single file, keeping time in a
sort of trotting
step to an Indian song of yo-ho-ha, or yo-ho-ha-ha-ho,
as sung by the
leader, or occasionally by all conjoined. In the other,
there is the same
movement in single file round a circle, but every two
persons, a man and
a woman, or two men, face each other, the one moving
forward, the other
backward, and all keeping step to the music of the
singers, who are
now, however, aided by a a couple of tortoise or turtle
shell rattlers, or
an aboriginal drum. At regular intervals there is a
sort of cadence in
the music, during which a change of position by all
the couples takes
place, the one who had been moving backward taking the
place of the one
moving forward, when all again move onward, one-half of
the whole, of
course, being obliged to follow on by dancing backwards.
One peculiarity in
Indian dancing would probably strongly commend itself
to that class among
pale faced beau and belles denominated bashful;
though, perhaps, it
would not suit others as well. The men, or a number
of them, usually
begin the dance alone, and the women, or each of them,
selecting the one
with whom she would like to dance, presents herself at
his side as he
approaches and is immediately received into the circle.
Consequently, the
young Indian beau knows nothing of the tact required to
handsomely invite
and gallantly lead a lady to the dance; and the young
Indian maiden,
unannoyed by obnoxious offers, at her own convenience,
gracefully presents
her personage to the one she designs to favor, and
thus quietly
engages herself in the dance. And moreover, while an
Indian
beau is not
necessarily obliged to exhibit any gallantry as towards a
belle till she has
herself manifested her own good pleasure in the
matter; so,
therefore, the belle cannot indulge herself in vascilant
flirtations with
any considerable number of beaux without being at once
detected.
On Thursday the
religious ceremonies commenced, and the council from the
time it assembled,
which was about 11 o'clock A. M., till 3 or 4 o'clock
P. M., gave the
most serious attention to the preaching of Jimmy Johnson,
the great high
priest, and the second in the succession under the new
revelation. Though
there are some evangelical believers among the
Indians, the
greater portion of them cherish the religion of their
fathers. This, as
they say, has been somewhat changed by the new
revelation, which
the Great Spirit made to one of their prophets about
forty-seven years
ago, and which, as they also believe, was approved by
Washington.
The profound regard
and eneration which the Indians have ever retained
towards the name
and memory of Washington is most interesting evidence of
his universally
appreciated worth, and the fact that the red men regard
him not merely as
one of the best, but as the very best man that ever has
existed, or that
will ever exist, is beautifully illustrated in a
singular credence
which they maintain even to this day, namely, that
Washington, is the
only white man who has ever entered heaven and is the
only one who will
enter there till the end of the world.
Among the Senecas
public religious exercises takes place but once a year.
At these times
Jimmy Johnson preaches hour after hour for three days, and
then rests from any
public charge of ecclesiastical offices the remaining
three hundred and
sixty-two days of the year. On this, an unusual
occasion, he
restricted himself to a few hours in each of the last two
days of the
council. We were told by young Parker, who took notes of
his
preaching, that his
subject matter on Thursday abounded in good
teachings, enforced
by appropriate and happy illustrations and striking
imagery. After he
had finished the council took a short respite. Soon,
however, a company
of warriors, ready and eager to engage in the
celebrated corn
dance, made their appearance. They were differently
attired. While some
were completely enveloped in a closely-fitting and
gaudy-colored garb,
others, though perhaps without intending it, had made
wonderfully close
approaches to an imitation of the costume said to have
been so fashionable
in many parts of the State of Georgia during the last
hot summer, and
which is also said to have consisted simply of a shirt
collar and a pair
of spurs. But, in truth, these warriors, with shoulders
and limbs in a
state of nudity, with faces bestreaked with paints, with
jingling trinkets
dangling to their knees, and with feathered war caps
waving above them,
presented a truly picturesque and romantic appearance.
When the center of
the council house had been cleared and the musicians
with the shell
rattlers had taken their places, the dance commenced, and
for an hour and a
half--perhaps two hours--it proceeded with surprising
spirit and energy.
Almost every posture of which the human frame is
susceptible,
without absolutely making the feet uppermost and the head
for once to assume
the place of the feet, was exhibited. Some of the
attitudes of the
dancers were really imposing, and the dance as a whole,
could be got up and
conducted only by Indians. The women, in the
performance of the
corn dance are quite by themselves, keeping time to
the beat of the
shells and gliding along sideways, without scarcely
lifting their feet
from the floor.
It would probably
be well if the Indian everywhere could be inclined to
refrain at least
from the more grotesque and boisterous peculiarities of
the dance. The
influence of these cannot be productive of any good, and
it is questionable
whether it will be possible, so long as they are
retained, to
assimilate them to any greater degree of civilization, or
to
more refined
methods of living and enjoyment than they now possess. The
same may be said of
certain characteristics of the still more Vandalic
war dance. This,
however, was not introduced at the council.
A part of the
proceedings of Friday, the last day of the council, bore
resemblance to
those of the preceding day. Jimmy Johnson resumed his
preaching, at the
close of which the corn dance was again performed,
though with far
more spirit and enthusiasm than at the first. Double the
numbers that then
appeared, all hardy and sinewy men, attired in original
and fantastic
style, among whom was one of the chiefs of the
confederacy,
together with forty
or fifty women of the different nations, now engaged,
and for more than
two hours persevered in the performance of the various
complicated and
fatigueing movement of this dance. The appearance of the
dusty throng, with
its increased numbers, and of course proportionably
increased resources
for the production of shrill whoops and noisy
stamping, and for
the exhibition of striking attitudes and rampant
motions, was
altogether strange, wonderful and seemingly superhuman.
After the dance had
ceased, another kind of sport--a well contested foot
race--claimed
attention. In the evening, after another supper in the
council house, the
more social dances--the troting, the fish, and one in
which the women
alone participated--were resumed. The fish dance seemed
to be the favorite,
and being invited to join in by one of the chiefs, we
at once accepted
the invitation, and followed in mirthful chase of
pleasure with a
hundred forest children. Occasionally the dances are
characterized with
ebulitions of merriment and flashes of real fun, but
generally a
singular sobriety and decorum are observed. Frequently,
when
gazing at a throng
of sixty or perhaps one hundred dancers, we have been
scarcely able to
decide which was the most remarkable, the staid and
imperturable
gravity of the old men and women, or the complete absence
of
levity and
frolicsomeness in the young.
The social dances
of the evening, with occasional speeches from the
sachems and chiefs,
were the final and concluding ceremonies of this
singular but
interesting affair. Saturday morning witnessed the
separation of the
various nations and the departure of each to their
respective
homes.
The writer would
liked to have said a word or two or relation to the
present condition
and prospects of the Indians, but the original design
in regard to both
the topics and brevity of this writing having been
already greatly
transcended, it must be deferred. The once powerful
confederacy of the
Six Nations, occupying in its palmy days the greater
portion of New York
State, now number only a little over 3,000. Even this
remnant will soon
be gone. In view of this, as well as of the known fact
that the Indian
race is everywhere gradually diminishing in numbers, the
writer cannot close
without invoking for this unfortunate people renewed
kindliness,
sympathy and benevolent attention. It is true, that with
some
few exceptions,
they possess habits and characteristics which render them
difficult to
approach; but still, they are only what the creator of us
all has made them.
And let it be remembered, it must be a large measure
of kindliness and
benevolence that will repay the injustice and wrongs
that have been
inflicted upon them.
ATOTARHO.
Atotarho, who by
tradition was an Onondaga, is the great embodiment of
the Iroquois
courage, wisdom and heroism, and he is invested with
allegoric traits
which exalt him to a kind of superhuman character.
Unequalled in war
and arts his fame spread abroad, and exalted the
Onondaga nation in
the highest scale. He was placed at the head of the
confederacy, and
his name was used after his death as an examplar of
glory and honor.
While like that of Caesar, it became perpetuated as the
official title of
the presiding Sachem of the confederacy. He was a man
of energy and
renown. And such was the estimation in which he was held
in
his life time, and
the popular veneration for his character after death,
that, as above
denoted, his name became the distinctive title for the
office, and is not
yet extinct, although the tribes have no longer war to
prosecute or
foreign embassadors to reply to.
* * * *
*
IROQUOIS LAWS OF
DESCENT.
At the
establishment of the confederacy, fifty sachems were founded
and
a name assigned to
each, by which they are still known, and these names
are kept as
hereditary from the beginning to the present time. There
were
also fifty
sub-sachems, or war chiefs--that is, to every sachem was
given
a war chief, to
stand behind him to do his biddings. These sachemships
were, and are still
confined to the five nations; the Tuscaroras were
admitted into the
confederacy without enlarging the framework of the
league, by allowing
them their own sachems and sub-sachems, or war
chiefs, as they
inherited from their original nation of North Carolina.
But how, it may be
asked, is a government so purely popular and so simple
and essentially
advisory in its character, to be reconciled with the laws
of hereditary
descent, fixed by the establishment of heraldic devices
and
bringing its
proportion of weak and incompetent minds into office, and
with the actual
power it exercised and the fame it acquired. To answer
this question, and
to show how the aristocratic and democratic principles
were made to
harmonize in the Iroquois government, it will be necessary
to go back and
examine the laws of descent among the tribes, together
with the curious
and intricate principles of the clans or tribal bond.
Nothing is more
fully under the cognizance of observers of the manners
and customs of the
Indians, than the fact of the entire nation or tribe
being separated
into distinct clans, each of them distinguished by the
name and device of
some quadruped, bird, or other object in the animal
kingdom. This
device is called by the Tuscaroras Or-reak-sa (clan). The
Iroquois have
turned it to account by assuming it as the very basis of
their political and
tribal bond.
A government wholly
verbal must be conceded to have required this
proximity and
nearness of access. The original five nations of the
Iroquois were,
theoretically, separated into eight clans or original
families of
kindreds, who are distinguished respectively by the clans
of
the wolf, bear,
turtle, deer, beaver, falcon, crane and the plover. I
find that there is
a little difference in the clans of the Tuscaroras,
which are the bear,
wolf, turtle, beaver, deer, eel and snipe. It is
contrary to the
usage of the Indians that near kindred should intermarry,
and the ancient
rule interdicts all intermarriage between persons of the
same clan. They
must marry into a clan which is different from their own.
A Bear or Wolf male
cannot marry a Bear or Wolf female. By this custom
the purity of blood
is preserved, while the ties of relationship between
the clans
themselves is strengthened or enlarged.
The line of descent
is limited exclusively in the female's children.
Owing to this
arrangement, a chieftain's son cannot succeed him in
office, but in case
of his death, the right of descent being in his
mother, he would be
succeeded, not by one of his male children, but by
his brother; or
failing in this then by the son of his sister, or by some
direct, however
remote, descendent of a maternal line.
It will be noticed
that the children are not of the same clan as their
father, but are the
same as their mother. Thus, he might be succeeded by
his own grandson,
by the son marrying in his father's clan, and not by
his daughter. It is
in this way that the chieftainship is continually
kept in a family
dynasties in the female line.
While the law of
descent is fully recognized, the free will of the female
to choose a husband
from any of the clans, excluding only her own, is
made to govern and
determine the distribution of political power, and to
fix the political
character of the tribe. Another peculiarity may be here
stated. In choosing
a candidate to fill a vacancy of the chieftainship,
made either by
death or misconduct, the power is lodged in the older
women of the clan
to choose the candidate, and then to be submitted for
the recognition of
the chiefs and sachems in council, for the whole
nation. If
approved, a day is appointed for the recognition also of
the
Six Nations, and he
is formally installed into office. Incapacity is
always, however,
without exception, recognized as a valid objection to
the approval of the
council.
LEGENDARY.
On long winter
evening the Indian hunters gatherd around their fireside,
to listen to the
historical traditions, legends of war and hunting, and
fairy tales which
had been handed down through their fathers and father's
fathers, with
scarcely any variation for centuries, kindling the
enthusiasm of the
warrior and inspiring the little child some day to
realize similar
dreams, and hand his name down to posterity as the author
of similar
exploits.
They have
superstitious fears of relating fables in summer: not
until
after snow comes
will they relate of snakes, lest they should creep into
their beds, or of
evil genii, lest they in some way be revenged.
It is very
difficult for a stranger to rightly understand the morals
of
their stories,
though it is said by those who know them best, that to
them the story was
always an illustration of some moral or principle.
To strangers they
offer all the rites of hospitality, but do not open
their hearts. If
you ask them they will tell you a story, but it will not
be such a story as
they tell when alone. They will fear your ridicule and
suppress their
humor and pathos: so thoroughly have they learned to
distrust pale
faces, that when they know that he who is present is a
friend, they will
still shrink from admitting him within the secret
portals of their
heart.
And when you have
learned all that language can convey, there are still a
thousand images,
suggestions and associations recurring to the Indian,
which can strike no
chord in your heart. The myriad voices of nature are
dumb to you, but to
them they are full of life and power.
NO. 1.--THE HUNTER
AND MEDICINE LEGEND.
There once lived a
man who was a great hunter. His generosity was the
theme of praise in
all the country, for he not only supplied his own
family with food,
but distributed game among his friends and neighbors,
and even called the
birds and animals of the forest to partake of his
abundance. For this
reason he received the appellation of "Protector of
Birds and
Animals."
He lived a hunter's
life till war broke out between his own and some
distant nation, and
then he took the war path. He was as brave a warrior
as he was a
skillful hunter, and slew a great multitude of the enemy,
till all were lying
dead around him, except one, who was a _mighty man
of valor_, and in
an unguarded moment the hunter received a blow from
his tomahawk on the
head, which felled him to the earth; his enemy then
took his scalp and
fled.
Some of his own
party saw what befell him, and supposing him dead left
him on the field of
battle; but a fox who had wandered this way
immediately
recognized his benefactor. Sorrowful indeed, was he to
find
him thus slain, and
began to revolve in his mind some means of restoring
him to life.
"Perhaps," said he, "some of my friends may know of a
medicine by which
his wounds may be healed, and he may live again." So
saying, he ran into
the forest and uttered the "death lament," which was
the signal for all
the animals to congregate. From far and near they
came, till hundreds
and thousands of every kind had assembled around the
body of the hunter,
eagerly inquiring what had happened. The fox
explained he had
accidentally came that way and found their friend
stretched lifeless
upon the earth. The animals drew near and examined him
more closely, to be
sure that life was extinct; they rolled him over and
over on the ground
and were satisfied that he was dead, there was not a
single sign of
life.
Then they held a
grand council of which the bear was the speaker. When
all were ready to
listen, he asked if any one present was acquainted with
any medicine which
would restore the dead man to life. With great
alacrity each one
examined his medicine box, but finds nothing adapted to
this purpose. Being
defeated in their noble object of restoring their
friend, all join in
a mournful howl--a requiem for the dead. This
attracted a singing
bird, the oriole, who came quietly to learn the cause
of the assembling
of the great concourse and their profound lamentation.
The bear made known
the calamity which had befallen them, and as the
birds would feel
themselves equally afflicted, he requested the oriole to
fly away and invite
all the feathered tribes to come to the council and
see if their united
wisdom cannot devise a remedy that will restore their
friend to
life.
Soon were assembled
all the birds of the air, even the great eagle of the
Iroquois, which was
seldom induced to appear upon the earth, hastens to
pay her respects to
the remains of the renowned and benevolent hunter.
All being satisfied
that he was really dead, the united council of birds
and animals, which
remained convened, decided that his scalp must be
recovered, saying
that any bird or animal who pleased might volunteer to
go on this mission.
The fox was the first to offer his services and
departed full of
hope that his zeal would be crowned with success. But
after many days he
returned, saying he could find no trace of man's
footsteps, not a
chick or child belonged to any settlement The great love
which they bore
their friend prompted several others to go upon the same
mission, and to the
animals belonged the first right as they had first
found him; but at
length the birds were anxious to show their devotion
and the pigeon hawk
begged leave to make the first flight, as he was more
swift of wing than
any other and could visit the whole world in the
shortest space of
time. They had scarcely missed him when he returned: he
said he had been
over the entire earth and found it not. They did not
consider his voyage
satisfactory, as he had flown so swiftly that it was
impossible for him
to see anything distinctly by the way.
Next the white
heron proposed that he be sent, because of being so slow
of wing he could
see every object as he passed. On his aerial voyage he
discovered a plain
covered with the vines of the wild bean, laden with
the delicious
fruit; it was too great a temptation for him to resist,
and
he descended to
enjoy a feast. So gluttonously did he partake that he
could not rise
again from the earth, and the council after many days of
anxious waiting,
called for a substitute. Here the crow came forward and
acknowledged his
fitness for such, an office, as he was also slow of wing
and was accustomed
to hover settlements and discern them afar off, he
would not be
suspected of any particular design should he linger near
the
one that contained
the scalp.
The warrior who
possessed the coveted treasure knew the birds and animals
were holding
council on the field of battle to devise means to recover
it, but when the
crow drew near he was not alarmed. The smoke of the
wigwams indicated a
settlement and as the crow sailed lazily through the
air at a great
height above the roofs of the cabins, he espied the scalp
which he knew must
be the one he sought, stretched out to dry.
After various
unsuccessful strategems, he was able to seize it, and flew
away to exhibit his
trophy to the council.
Now, they attempted
to fit it to his head, but, being dry, it was
impossible; so
search was made to find something with which to moisten
it, but in vain.
Then slowly moved forward the great eagle, and bids them
listen to his
words.
"My wings are never
furled; night and day, for years and hundreds of
years, the dews of
heaven have been collected upon my back, as I sat in
my nest above the
clouds. Perhaps these waters may have a virtue no
earthly fountain
can possess, we will see."
Then she plucked a
feather from her wing and dipped it in the dewey
elixir, which was
then applied to the shriveled scalp, and lo! it became
pliable and fresh
as if just removed. Now it would fit, but there must be
a healing power to
cause the flesh to unite, and again to awaken life.
All were anxious to
do something in the great work, therefore all went
forth to bring rare
leaves, flowers, barks, the flesh of animals and the
brain of birds, to
form a healing mixture. When they returned it was
prepared, and
having been moisted with the dew, was applied to the
scalp,
and instantly
adhered to it and became firm. This caused the hunter to
sit up; he looked
around in astonishment upon his numerous friends,
unable to divine
the meaning of so strange an assemblage.
Then they bade him
stand upon his feet and told him how he was found dead
upon the plain and
how great was the lamentation of all those who had so
long experienced
his kindness, and the efforts they had made to restore
him to life. They
then gave him the compound which had been the means of
restoring him to
life, saying, "it was the gift of the Great Spirit to
man. He alone had
directed them in the affairs of the council, had
brought the eagle
to furnish the heavenly moisture, and gave them wisdom
in making the
preparation, that they might furnish to man a medicine
which should be
effectual for every wound."
When they had
finished the animals departed to their forest haunts, the
eagle soared again
to his eyrie, and the birds of the air flew away to
their nests in the
tall trees, all happy and rejoicing that they had
accomplished this
great good.
The hunter returned
to his home and spread abroad the news of the miracle
and the knowledge
of the wonderful medicine, which is used to this day
among the Iroquois
by those who are the favorites of the Great Spirit.
NO.
2.
An Indian hunter
went forth to hunt, and as he wandered through the
forest he heard a
strain of beautiful music far off among the trees. He
listened, but could
not tell whence it came; he knew it could not be by
any human voice, or
from any instrument he had ever heard. As it came
near it ceased. The
next evening he went forth again, but he heard no
music, and again,
but in van.
Then came the Great
Spirit to him in a dream and told him to fast, wash
himself till he was
purified, then he might go forth and would hear again
the music. So he
purified himself and went again among the dark trees of
the forest, and
soon his ear caught the sweet strains, as he drew near
they became more
beautiful; he listened till he learned them and could
make the same sweet
sound, then he knew that it was a plant with a tall
green stem and long
tapering leaves. He took his knife and cut the stalk,
but ere he had
scarcely finished, it healed and was the same as before;
he cut it again,
and again it healed. Then he knew it would heal
diseases, he took
it home, dried it by the fire, pulverized it, and
applied a few
particles of it to a dangerous wound; no sooner had it
touched the wound
than it was healed. Thus the Great Spirit taught the
Indian the nature
of medicinal plants, and directed him where they were
to be found, when
and how used.
MEDICINE
LEGENDS.
The two above are
the legends concerning the principal medicines used
among the Iroquois.
The ancient manner of administering them, was to take
a small wooden
goblet and go to a running stream, dipping toward the way
which the stream
ran, fill the goblet and return, place it near the fire
with some tobacco
near it; a prayer is offered while tobacco is thrown
upon the fire, that
the words may ascend upon the smoke.
The medicine is
placed on a piece of skin near the goblet, being very
finely pulverized,
is taken up with a wooden spoon and dusted upon the
water in three
spots, in the form of a triangle, thus--
*
*
*
The medicine man
then looks at it critically, if it spreads over the
surface of the
water and whirls about, it is a sign that the invalid will
be healed; if it
sinks directly in the places where it was put, there is
no hope, the sick
person must die and the whole is thrown away.
Once in six months
there is a great feast made, at the hunting season in
fall and spring. On
the night of the feast as soon as it is dark, all who
are present
assemble in one room, where no light or fire is allowed to
burn, and placing
the medicine near the covered embers, the tobacco by
its side, they
commence singing, which proclaims that the crows are
coming to their
feast, and also many other birds and various animals,
the brains of whose
species form part of their medicine. At the end of
the song some one
imitates the caw of a crow, the songs of the birds, the
howls of the wolf,
etc., as if the animals were present.
Three times in the
course of the night they offer a prayer, while
throwing tobacco on
the smothered flames, asking that the people may be
protected from all
harm, and if they receive wounds that the medicine may
be effectual in
healing them.
At the commencement
of the ceremonies the doors are locked, and no one
is allowed to enter
or leave the house while they continue; neither is
any one allowed to
sleep, as that would spoil the medicine. The feast
begins just before
the dawn of day. The master of ceremonies first takes
a deer's head,
bites off a piece, imitates the cry of a crow and passes
the head of the
animal to another, who does the same, till all have
tasted and imitated
the peculiar note of some bird or animal.
As soon as it
begins to be light the presiding officer takes a duck's
bill, and dipping
it full of the medicine, gives it to each one present,
who puts it in a
bit of skin and wraps it in several coverings, keeps it
carefully until the
next semi-annual feast. The skin of a panther is
preferred for the
first envelope if it can be obtained.
Those who take part
in the ceremonies are medicine men. Chiefs are
allowed to be
present; also, any who have been cured of any disease by
the
medicine.
Without the
building the young people gather for merriment, and the
fragments of the
feast are given to them when it is finished.
When the medicine
described in the second legend is used, the tune is
sung which was
heard at its discovery, both at the ceremonies of the
feast and the time
of administering it.
They seem to think
the ceremonies effectual in making the medicinal
qualities of the
compound imperishable. Each medicine man has a large
quantity which he
keeps in a bag, and in order not to exhaust the whole,
now and then, adds
pulverized corn roots, squash vines, etc., and
whenever it is
administered several persons assemble and sing. Both kinds
are considered
especially useful in healing wounds received in war.
In reading the
first legend there will be seen very humorous allusions to
the habits of the
pigeon, heron and crow, and there is a curious
invention inspiring
faith in the means used in healing. I have seen many
who affirmed that
they had tested the wonderful powers of each.
* * * *
*
CIVILIZATION.
Whatever may be the
theories on the subject of Indian civilization, I
think it must be
evident that the present position of the Tuscarora
nation on their
reservation, is extremely favorable for the attainment of
that object. They
can no longer live by the chase. It is not now with
them as it was with
the Indians on the Delaware, when William Penn said,
"their pleasures
feed them--hunting, fishing and fowling." Surrounded by
the white
settlements, placed in the vicinity of cities and towns,
they
are obliged to
apply to agriculture and other modes of labor, for the
means of
subsistence. They are now building good houses, planting
orchards of various
kinds of fruit, raising stock, etc.; they have horses
and carriages.
Artificial wants--the very pillars of civilization--are
increasing upon
them. These require exertion, call into action their
mental faculties,
force them to provide for coming exigencies, gradually
tames down their
wild nature, and prepares them for that subdued, but
improved state, in
which alone is to be found the highest point of
cultivation, as
well as the highest enjoyment intended for man in this
probationary
world.
If this experiment
fails, we may, with melancholy, certainly look forward
to a period when
this futile branch of the human family shall be swept
into oblivion, when
the fine sounding names of the lofty mountains, the
noble rivers, the
splendid cataracts, the great inland seas and the
silvery lakes will
be the sole memorials of a race, that, only two or
three centuries
ago, covered the face of this vast continent.
On the other hand,
if this experiment should succeed, it will open a door
of hope for the
preservation, or if we may use the term, physical
salvation of this
apparently doomed race. It may encourage the
philanthrophist to
stretch forth his hand for the protection of the yet
remaining tribes
beyond the
born, who will live
to behold that vast wilderness thickly dotted over
with Indian
communities, with towns, villages, farms and manufacturing
hamlets. They may
live to see the hoe and the spade take the place of the
bow and the
tomahawk; the lion and the lamb feeding together; the
sword
beaten into a
plowshare, and the spear into a pruning hook.
DOMESTIC.
In the first place,
to women, in every well regulated society, should be
committed the
management of the families and the business connected with
the household
concerns, and they should be qualified to exercise a
salutary influence
within their appropriate sphere.
Secondly, as
mothers they are responsible for the nursing and rearing
of
their children and
for the proper sustenance of them in early life. They
are also
responsible for the habits of their children, including
cleanliness and
general propriety of behavior.
A sensible,
judicious mother can greatly control her children in these
matters; she can
make them modest or impertinent, ingenuous or deceitful,
fearful or
intrepid. The germ of all these traits of character exist
in
childhood, and a
mother can repress or strengthen them.
Thirdly, a mother
is responsible for the principles her children may
entertain in early
life, and it is for her to say whether they shall be
imbued with
sentiments of honesty, industry and morality, or with
those
of a contrary
character--fraud, idleness and dishonesty.
She is, to a very
considerable extent responsible for the temper and
disposition of her
children. Constitutionally he may be irritable or
revengeful, but she
may correct or repress these passions and in their
places instil
better feelings.
Lastly, and above
all, she is responsible for the religious e